Haarp news ...

[TRY]

Laser project aims at controlling the weather and making clouds do what humans want

...September 4, 2011...

...Physicist Jerome Kasparian, of the University of Geneva, !!!admits!!! they can control clouds by pointing a laser into the sky...

...The system is called ->

laser-assisted water condensation 

<-and could one day enable humans to decide where and when it will remain...

...The idea of lasers is catching on across the planet. The HAARP project fires into the ionosphere and some blame it on the vast weather extremes lately...

!!!This projection to control the weather has been the human curiosity for quiet some time!!!

http://www.theweatherspace.com/news/TWS-09_04_2011_cloudscontrolled.html
***entire article...

[TRY]

***REF TO REPLY 309...

***Phas- great find, do you have a link? proly under stacks upon stacks of papers by now, sorry for the late reply. I went through many of my stacks looking for collaborative data in regards to that last post and realized it was right in front of me, sort of speak...

-> haaRp news page 8, reply 302 towards the end is from the same institute/organization. Though you might wanna read through that entire post again, lots of info there.

!And i remember going over that info about that specific rocket experiment, so i'm going through my backlog to find it again, i remember saving an interesting photo capturing the rocket on accent!

***much more to come...

[TRY]

***interesting findings the more i look into UofGeneva as well as this ESO 3.6 m Telescope, REF to REPLY 320!!!

HARPS Hauls in Over Fifty New Exoplanets

...September 13, 2011...

...(High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher) The HARPS team, led by Michel Mayor from the University of Geneva, used the 3.6-metre telescope at ESO’s La Silla Observatory in Chile and claim their spectrograph instrument on the telescope is the most successful planet-finder to date...

...The HARPS instrument uses a technique called->

 “radial velocity”.

<- Essentially, the instrument detects the slight movement of a star moving toward and away from observers on Earth. The changes in radial velocity shift the star’s light spectrum. When the star moves away from observers on Earth, the light is shifted to longer, redder wavelengths, called redshifting. When the star moves toward Earth, the opposite happens and the star’s light is blueshifted. Through various hardware and software upgrades over the years, HARPS is now so sensitive, it can detect radial velocities of about 1 meter per second and exoplanets less than twice the mass of Earth...

...HARPS has been operating for the past eight years, using the radial velocity technique to discover over 150 new planets. HARPS has also detected a considerable portion of the known exoplanets less massive than Neptune (seventeen Earth masses)...

...Based on these latest findings, as well as previous HARPS discoveries, the team plans to install an exact copy of the HARPS instrumentation on the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo in the Canary Islands. The duplicate HARPS will allow scientists to survey stars in the northern sky...

http://www.universetoday.com/88866/harps-hauls-in-over-fifty-new-exoplanets/

[TRY]

.


***So there's data that stands out here...

DATE:
20110828 - 20110902

...The three traces represent mutually orthogonal components of the earth's magnetic field as follows:

    The "H" component (black trace) is positive magnetic northward
    The "D" component (red trace) is positive eastward
    The "Z" component (blue trace) is positive downward

...Geomagnetic storminess is usually indicated in oscillatory variations in the earth's magnetic field. Additional detail concerning the nature and severity of the ionospheric disturbances ***Naturally and/or Artificially... can be found through analysis of the three components of the field!!!

http://137.229.36.30/cgi-bin/magnetometer/gak-mag.cgi
.

Experimental studies of low frequency ionospheric waves
-S.E.E._ELF-

 !!!August 28th – September 2nd 2011!!!

...30th ICPIG... Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK...

***haaRpsters...
H. SatoUP
H. L. Pécseli1
J. K. Trulsen

...Uof Oslo, Physics Department/Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics , Oslo, Norway...

...Low frequency electrostatic waves being spontaneously excited in the ionospheric electrojet are studied by instrumented rockets. The data are obtained by four spherical probes placed at two booms in such a way that the probes on the deployed booms form the corners of a tetrahedron. By this construction, the probes can give information of all three vector components of electric fields in the ionosphere. Signals from probe-potential differences are available on ground for further processing. We report results from detailed statistical studies of low frequency long wavelength electric field fluctuations, with particular attention to intermittent features in the data. We find that the largest amplitudes of the fluctuating fields are confined to relatively localized spatial regions. A Gaussian random signal is used as a reference for discussions of the observed intermittency...

!!!The Earth's near and distant space environment displays a rich variety of wave phenomena that all deserve attention as far as the origin and excitation mechanisms are concerned. One often occurring example is the case where->

 the free energy is found in a large-scale, quasi-stationary electric field!

<- This so called Farley-Buneman instability is driven by the Hall-current in the collisional plasma typically found in the ionospheric E-region in the equatorial as well as the polar ionospheres, although the origin of this electric field is generally different in the two regions. The Farley-Buneman (FB) instability is interesting also by giving an example of coupling from the energy input at very large scale electric fields directly to small scales, where we note that the growth rate of the linear instability scales with k2, in terms of the wavenumber k. This is contrary to what is found for the spectral energy cascade in, for instance, neutral incompressible fluid turbulence. In this case energy is cascaded from one length-scale to neighboring scales. Also other mechanisms than the FB-instability can give rise to enhanced fluctuation levels, velocity shears and large scale density gradients, for instance.

***Please re-read that last one...

...During the ROSE rocket campaign, an instrumented payload F4 was launched in February 1989 from Kiruna, Sweden. The peak altitude was approximately 125 km. Good quality data were obtained on the up-leg as well as on the down-leg parts of the flight with approximately 20 km horizontal separation....
(remember the rocket experiment pic?)

!!!The DC-electric field strength was changing during the flight so in reality we have data from two independent experiments!!!
                                    (typically E0 ≈ 40 mV/m up-leg, and E0 ≈ 60 mV/m down-leg)

...The signals were digitized with 12 bit resolution and a Nyquist frequency of 1000 Hz. The DC-electric field E0 was measured by the same probes. We use a combination of probes to approximate the three electric field components. Thus U6/2b approximates x-component, U5/2b the y-component, and (U3 + U4)/2L approximates the z-component of the field. For constant electric fields these signals would recover the field-components exactly....

http://mpserver.pst.qub.ac.uk/sites/icpig2011/018_A4_Sato.pdf

***full paper...
.
 

ILWS 2011 Science Workshop:  “Towards the Next Solar Maximum”

...August 28 – September 2, 2011...

...Hosted by CSSAR, CAS at the Friendship Hotel in Beijing, China...

http://ilws2011.csp.escience.cn/dct/page/65580

***BIG collaborative effort, and notice the -> substorm expansion onset: Do we finally have an answer? <- under 'Substorm Controversies'...
***Learn More Here...

http://ilwsonline.org/index.htm
.

***AGU_JGR Space Phsics 2011 Curriculum :

http://www.agu.org/contents/journals/ViewPapersInPress.do?journalCode=JA

***lots of hints^^^
.

Space and Plasma Physics (SPP)

...The group conducts research in the area of plasma physics !!!in space!!! and laboratory settings!!!

...Research involving space plasma physics includes:

high altitude lightning,
ionospheric, magnetospheric and radiation belt physics,
space weather,
reconnection,
astrophysical plasma,
collisionless shock waves

...Research involving laboratory plasmas includes:

Terahertz radiation sources,
laser-plasma and atmosphere interactions,
novel antenna concepts for efficient Alfven and whistler radiation in plasmas

...Bridging the space and laboratory plasmas is use of the ionosphere and magnetosphere as an open plasma laboratory, driven by controlled injection of powerful HF waves generated by the ionospheric heater of the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (haaRp) located in Gakona, Alaska.

***AND OTHERS...

...The SPP group emphasizes interdisciplinary research in areas involving important collective phenomena. In ?attacking? these problems the group utilizes in addition to:

analytic theory,
extensive numerical simulations - particle, fluid and MHD
laboratory and field experiments
space observations
data analysis

...The group maintains close connection with local laboratories:

Naval Research Laboratory
Goddard Space Flight Center
John Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory

-and- Universities:

UCLA
Stanford
Dartmouth
New York University
Virginia Tech
Boston College

http://spp.astro.umd.edu/SpaceWebProj/index.html

***ARCHIVE OF RESEARCH PAPERS:
http://spp.astro.umd.edu/SpaceWebProj/CV_DrMilikh.htm


***More To Come...

[TRY]

A statistical survey of electron temperature enhancements in heater modulated (PMSE) polar mesospheric summer echoes at EISCAT

...haapsters...
Routledge, G.
Kosch, M. J.
Senior, A.
Kavanagh, A. J.
McCrea, I. W.
Rietveld, M. T.

...Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics...

    ...A statistical analysis has been made of 26 Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes (PMSE) active modulation experiments between 2002 and 2007. Observed with the EISCAT VHF radar the PMSE signature can be reduced by means of heating the ionosphere with powerful high frequency (HF) radio waves. However, PMSE modulation experiments sometimes fail. We use a computational model to estimate the enhanced electron temperatures due to ionospheric heating from HF radio waves in the D-region. We show that the statistical PMSE modulation for a fixed HF heater-induced electron temperature enhancement appears to be independent of altitude. In addition, for experiments where the PMSE modulation experiment failed, we show that the atmospheric attenuation of the HF heater wave was too great for the HF wave to have any effect on the PMSE layer...

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JASTP..73..472R

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Electron temperature enhancements in heater modulated polar mesospheric summer echoes at EISCAT

...haaRsters...
Routledge, Graham
Kosch, Michael
Senior, Andrew
Kavanagh, Andrew
McCrea, I. W.
Rietveld, Michael
Scales, Wayne
La Hoz, Cesar

...38th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Held 18-15 July 2010, in Bremen, Germany...

    ...PMSE are associated with charged icy dust particles in the polar summer mesopause and can be observed as bands of coherent backscatter in the EISCAT VHF radar. The PMSE signature can be reduced, as seen in the VHF radar, by means of heating the ionosphere with powerful high frequency (HF) radio waves. This technique has long been used to investigate the PMSE phenomenon. We present the first observations of PMSE modulation at HF radar frequencies, and regulated electron temperature control by HF pump power stepping as observed by HF and VHF radars. In addition, a statistical analysis has been made of 49 Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes (PMSE) active modulation experiments. We use a model to estimate the enhanced electron temperatures due to ionospheric heating from HF radio waves in the D-region to obtain the statistical relationship between PMSE backscatter reduction with artificial electron temperature enhancement. For the electron temperatures achievable by HF pumping !!!(¡3500 K!!!), the PMSE is never completely destroyed...

!!!***JUST ALMOST COMPLETELY DESTORYED, err ATTACKED...!!!

 For experiments where the PMSE modulation experiment failed, we show that the PMSE layer was too high in altitude for ionospheric heating by HF waves to have any effect.

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.1537R

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D-layer electron temperature estimates from Heater-modulated PMSE as observed by the IRIS riometer

...haaRpsters...
Routledge, G.
Kosch, M. J.
Honary, F.

...Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK...

!HF pumping of the ionosphere causes the electron temperature in the D-layer to rise, which increases electron diffusivity and therefore modulates the polar mesospheric echoes! (PMSE), as seen in the VHF radar, virtually destroying them. !!!It is thought that the heated electrons attach themselves to the dust and/or aerosol particles within the PMSE. The IRIS riometer is sensitive to the free electron density and electron collision frequency, which is temperature dependent. Despite pump-induced changes in both these parameters in the D-layer, the riometer, in this case study, detects no significant change in the background absorption. This suggests that the absorption increase due to electron temperature increasing is cancelled out by the absorption decrease due to electron density decreasing. The increase in electron temperature in the D-layer has never been measured directly. We use the riometer observation, in conjunction with the VHF radar data of electron density and absorption models, to estimate the pump-enhanced electron temperature within the D-layer...

http://www.sgo.fi/EISCAT2007/abstracts/html/abstract_115.html

.


 OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS OF POLAR MESOSPHERIC WINTER ECHOES MODULATED BY ARTIFICIAL ELECTRON HEATING


 ...Observations and analysis of Polar Mesospheric Winter Echoes (PMWE) modulated by the EISCAT Heating Facility are presented. The PMWE were observed with a collocated new 56 MHz radar (MORRO). The analysis is based on that small dust particles are present in the PMWE. The increase in electron temperature when the heating was switched on, measured by its effect on the PMWE signal, was found to be up by a factor 3-3.5. The height profile of the heating agree with model heating calculations and a high electron density in the PMWE region consistent with that the PMWEs were observed during disturbed magnetospheric conditions. Deviations from the theoretical curve indicate that in some regions the dust density is large enough to reduce the electron density substantially. The PMWE show small but clear overshoot effects indicating small nanometer sized dust particles...

...The usefulness of applying artificial electron heating to mesospheric phenomena has been convincingly demonstrated by the observations of its effect on the Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes (PMSE). Reference [2] showed that with a sequence of equal and short (10-20 sec) heater on and off time intervals, one could get a situation where the PMSE was severely weakened when the heater was on, and where it returned to its initial value as the heater was switched off. References [3,4] showed that another heater on and off sequenced could give rise to a PMSE overshoot phenomena where the PMSE backscatter, being reduced in intensity as the heater was switched on, could when the heater was switched off, nearly instantaneously increase (overshoot) to a value up to 6-7 times that of the value before the heater was switched on. The shape of the backscatter intensity profile during a heater on/off overshoot cycle (OCC) contains information on the dust and plasma (dusty plasma) conditions and can be used as a dusty plasma diagnostic...

***references...
Introduction to ionospheric heating at Tromsø - 1993
First artificially induced modulation of PMSE using the EISCAT heating facility - 2000
First observations of the PMSE overshoot effect and its use for investigating the conditions in the summer mesosphere - 2003
Polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) overshoot effect due to cycling of artificial electron heating - 2004
Investigations of the mesospheric PMSE conditions by use oft he new overshoot effect - 2004
the influence of plasma absorption by dust on the PMSE overshoot effect - 2006
First observations of the artificial modulation of polar mesosphere winter echoes - 2006
the sizes and observable effects of dust particles in polar mesospheric winter echoes - 2009

***full PDF...
http://www.spaceflight.esa.int/pac-symposium2009/proceedings/papers/s2_18havn.pdf

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Polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE): review of observations and current understanding

...2004...

...haaRpsters...
M. Rapp
F.-J. L¨ubken

...Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics,  K¨uhlungsborn, Germany...

...This paper reviews experimental and theoretical milestones on the way to an advanced understanding of PMSE. Based on new experimental results from in situ observations with sounding rockets, ground based observations with radars and lidars, numerical simulations with microphysical models of the life cycle of mesospheric aerosol particles, and theoretical considerations regarding the diffusivity of electrons in the ice loaded complex plasma of the mesopause region, a consistent explanation for the generation of these radar echoes has been developed. The main idea is that mesospheric neutral air turbulence in combination with a significantly reduced electron diffusivity due to the presence of heavy charged ice aerosol particles (radii 5–50 nm) leads to the creation of structures at spatial scales significantly smaller than the inner scale of the  turbulent velocity field itself. Importantly, owing to their very low diffusivity, the plasma structures acquire a very long lifetime, i.e. 10 min to hours in the presence of particles with radii between 10 and 50 nm. This leads to a temporal decoupling of active neutral air turbulence and the existence of small scale plasma structures and PMSE and thus readily explains observations proving the absence of neutral air turbulence at PMSE  altitudes. With this explanation at hand, it becomes clear that PMSE are a suitable tool to permanently monitor the thermal and dynamical structure of the mesopause region allowing insights into important atmospheric key parameters like temperatures, winds, gravity wave parameters, turbulence, solar cycle effects, and long term changes...

!BIG Link!
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/4/4777/2004/acpd-4-4777-2004-print.pdf

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The effect of electron bite-outs on artificial electron heating and the PMSE overshoot

...2005...

Department of Physics, University of Tromsø, Norway
UNIS, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
Swedish Institute of Space Physics, IRF, Kiruna, Sweden


...We have considered the effect that a local reduction in the electron density (an electron bite-out), caused by electron absorption on to dust particles, can have on the artificial electron heating in the height region between 80 to 90 km, where noctilucent clouds (NLC) and the radar phenomenon PMSE (Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes) are observed. With an electron density profile without biteouts, the heated electron temperature Te,hot will generally decrease smoothly with height in the PMSE region or there may be no significant heating effect present. Within a biteout Te,hot will decrease less rapidly and can even increase slightly with height if the bite-out is strong. We have looked at recent observations of PMSE which are affected by artificial electron heating, with a heater cycling producing the new overshoot effect. According to the theory for the PMSE overshoot the fractional increase in electron temperature Te,hot/Ti , where Ti is the unaffected ion temperature = neutral temperature, can be found from the reduction in PMSE intensity as the heater is switched on. We have looked at results from four days of observations with the EISCAT VHF radar (224MHz), together with the EISCAT heating facility. We find support for the PMSE overshoot and heating model from a sequence of observations during one of the days where the heater transmitter power is varied from cycle to cycle and where the calculated Te,hot/Ti is found to vary in proportion to the transmitter power. We also looked for signatures of electron bite-outs by examining the variation of Te,hot/Ti with height for the three other days. We find that the height variation of Te,hot/Ti is very different on the three days. On one of the days we see typically that this ratio can increase with height, showing the presence of a bite-out, while on the next day the heating factor mainly decreases with height, indicating that the fractional amount of dust is low, so that the electron density is hardly affected by it. On the third day there is little heating effect on the PMSE layer. This is probably due to a sufficiently high electron density in the atmosphere below the PMSE layer, so that the transmitted heater power is absorbed in these lower layers. On this day the D-region, as given by the UHF (933MHz) observations, extends deeper down in the atmosphere than on the other two days, indicating that the degree of ionization in and below the PMSE layers is higher as well...

...Artificial electron heating by high power transmitters in the 3–7MHz range (Rietveld et al., 1993) has been shown to have an effect on atmospheric phenomena, such as auroral emission and airglow (Jones et al., 1986; Kosch et al., 2000), and on the radar phenomenon Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes (PMSE) (Chilson et al., 2000; Belova et al., 2003). The transmitted heating wave accelerates and heats electrons while the neutrals and ions are unaffected. The weakening of the PMSE, first observed by Chilson et al. (2000), is most likely because the heating of the electrons smooths out the dust-controlled electron density gradients (Rapp and L¨ubken, 2000, 2003), which are thought to be responsible for the PMSE radar scattering. More recently, it has been discovered (Havnes et al., 2003) that a special use of heater cycling can lead to a new effect where the PMSE can be strengthened. In this heater cycling one first observes a weakening of the PMSE when the heater is switched on, as observed before, and then an increased PMSE strength, compared to the value before the heater was switched on, as the heater is switched off. This effect was predicted (Havnes, 2004) and is called the PMSE overshoot effect. This effect occurs because a density irregularity of charged dust particles will influence the local plasma density in a way which is dependent on the charge density of the dust and on the plasma temperature (Havnes et al., 1984, 1990). For negatively charged dust there will be a depletion of electrons inside a dust clump where the dust density is higher than in the near surroundings. When the electron gas is heated the influence of the dust on the electrons is reduced and the depletion is partially filled in. This reduces the local electron density gradient and therefore the radar reflectivity as well. Since the heater is on, the heated electrons will charge the dust particles more negatively. As a result, they regain some of the control over the electrons during the heating-on phase resulting in some recovery of the PMSE signal. When the heater is switched off and the electron temperature nearly immediately returns to its preheating value, equal to that of the ions and neutrals, the increased charges on the dust now force the electrons into a stronger internal depletion than before heating. This also increases the electron gradient and the PMSE strength. The special heater cycling which was used to produce the overshoot was with the heater turned on for 20 s and thereafter\ turned off for 160 s, to give the PMSE dusty plasma (charged dust/aerosols, ions, electrons) sufficient time to relax back to a state which is unaffected by the heater. With the original heater cycling with ,for example, 20 s on and 20 s off (e.g. Chilson et al., 2000) the dusty plasma would not have enough time to relax completely, so that the dust charges and will become more negative when the heater is on, whithout decharging fully during the short heater-off time. Their charges will therefore be “pumped up” to a steady-state value where the increase during heating equals the reduction during the heating-off time. Havnes (2004) demonstrates that this will lead to a situation where there is no overshoot but where the PMSE returns approximately to its pre-heater value as the heater is switched off. This is what was observed by Chilson et al. (2000) and Belova et al. (2003)...

...Modelling of PMSE and overshoot (Havnes et al., 2004; Biebricher et al., 2005), assuming that the scattering of radar waves are from electron gradients, which are controlled by dust density gradients (Havnes et al., 1984, 1990; Lie– Svendsen et al., 2003), show that the shape of the overshoot curves vary significantly with the physical conditions in the PMSE region and with the heated electron temperature used in the models. The shape of the overshoot curve will therefore contain information on the PMSE dusty plasma conditions and on the amount of electron heating. In this paper we will examine to what extent the observed electron heating, which can be calculated from the overshoot curves (Havnes et al., 2004; Biebricher et al. 2005), can give information on the electron density. We will, in particular, investigate the effect that electron bite-outs, which are local reductions of electron densities in the height range 80–90 km, can have on the electron heating. Electron bite-outs are caused by concentrations of dust particles within the PMSE layer, which have a high enough density so that they significantly reduce the local electron density by plasma absorption (Pedersen et al., 1969; Ulwick et al., 1988; Havnes et al., 1996a). Since the electron density is also one of the main factors in determining the electron heating, a bite-out may affect the heating sufficiently to influence the PMSE overshoot profiles at different heights. We will also see if the temperature increase factor, Te,hot/Ti , as determined by the overshoot curves, can be used, together with electron heating calculations, to identify if bite-outs are present or not. This, in turn, can assist one in the interpretation of the overshoot curves, to determine the dusty plasma conditions, for example, by telling us if we have a PMSE with a sufficiently high dust density, so that absorption of plasma by dust is important...

...In Sect. 2 we briefly describe the theory for artificial electron heating in the lower ionosphere. We show that the electron density profile with electron bite-outs can considerably affects artificial electron heating. We also discuss the importance of the electron density, below the PMSE layer, for the heating in this layer and how the comparatively low heating temperatures which we observe, sometimes with no heating, can result...

...In Sect. 3 we will describe the physical background for the model we have adopted for the PMSE overshoot, and show how the adopted model can give the heating factor Te,hot/Ti , by which the electron temperature is heated, relative to the unheated electron temperature Te, which is identical to the neutral and ion temperatures TN and Ti . In Sect. 4 some results are presented from a large overshoot campaign which took place at the European Incoherent Scattering (EISCAT) site near Tromsø, Norway in July 2004, with the participation of EISCAT, Germany, Norway, Sweden and UK (Havnes et al., 2006). We will look at selected cases to demonstrate the effect of the electron heating, and we will extract the factor by which the electrons are heated at the different heights according to our PMSE overshoot model. We will further use this to see if the presence of electron bite-outs can be determined...

http://www.ann-geophys.net/23/3633/2005/angeo-23-3633-2005.pdf
***Read Entire Paper...

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Electron Temperature Enhancement Effects on Plasma Irregularities Associated with Charged Dustin the Earth's Mesosphere

...2007...

1 Introduction
2 Background 4
2.1 The Structure of the Neutral Atmosphere and the Ionosphere . . . . . 4
2.2 The Earth's Mesosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Noctilucent Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5 Ground-Based Ionospheric Heating Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.6 PMSE Observations Associated with Ground-Based Ionospheric Heat-
ing Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.7 PMSE Overshoot Effect Associated with
Ionospheric Heating Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3 Computational Model 20
3.1 Mesospheric Irregularity Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2 Charging and Diffusion Timescales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3 Scale Size Effects on Irregularity Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.4 Dust Density Effects on Irregularity Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.5 Dust Size Effects on Irregularity Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.6 Temperature Effects on Irregularity Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.7 Discrete Charging E®ects On Irregularity Evolution . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.7.1 Discrete Charging Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.7.2 Discrete Charging E®ects Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4 Analytical Model 47
4.1 Analytical Model for Turn-On Overshoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.2 Analytical Model for Turn-On Overshoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.3 Dust Diagnostics Using Overshoot E®ects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5 Experimental Observation 69
5.1 System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2 Experiment Setup and experiment results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.2.1 Campaign 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.2.2 Campaign 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6 Conclusions and Future Work 83
6.1 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.2 Future Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.2.1 Theoretical Modelling improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.2.2 Numerical Model Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.2.3 Experimental Observation Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.2.4 Collaboration with AIM Satellite Mission and CARE Experiment 89
A Appendix A: Numerical Methods 90
A.1 Method for particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
A.2 Method for fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
B Appendix B: Charging Models Comparison 95
B.1 OML Charging Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
B.2 Drain and Sutin Collisional Charging Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
B.3 Natanson Charging Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
B.4 Charging Model Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Reference 101
Vita 105

List of Figures
2.1 Typical pro¯les of neutral atmospheric temperature with the various
layers designated, and ionospheric plasma density for both Day time
and night time. ([Kelley, 1989]). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 An illustration of the relationship between gravity waves and the tem-
perature pro¯le in summer polar mesosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 A diagram showing atmosphere circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 The High Frequency Transmitter and Antenna Array in HAARP, Gakona,
AK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 Two experimental Overshoot Characteristic Curves from summer 2004.
The curves have been obtained by averaging the PMSE backscatter
power over 1 h of measurement. Case (a), year 04 month 7 day 12
h 9, height range 84-84,3 km: Common case of the overshoot effect
Case (b), year 04 month 7 day 5 h 10, height range 85,5-85,8 km: A
variation of the overshoot effect.[Biebricher, et al., 2005] . . . . . . . 17
3.1 Time evolution of electron, ion, and dust charge irregularities before
(OFF), during (ON), and after (OFF) radio wave heating. In this case
Te=Te0=10 during heating. Also, ¸=¸D=128. In this case, "Turn-On"
overshoot is evident. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2 Time evolution of electron, ion, and dust charge irregularities before
(OFF), during (ON), and after (OFF) radio wave heating. In this case
Te=Te0=10 during heating. Also, ¸=¸D=2048. In this case, "Turn-On"
overshoot is evident. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Time evolution of electron, ion, and dust charge irregularities before
(OFF), during (ON), and after (OFF) radio wave heating. In this case
Te=Te0=10 during heating. Also, ¸=¸D=4096. In this case, irregularity
enhancement is evident throughout the heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4 The time evolution of electron irregularities during radio wave heating
with varying irregularity scale size (and radar frequency). . . . . . . . 30
3.5 Electron density °uctuation evolution before, during, and after radio
wave heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.6 The electron diffusion to dust charging time ratio during radio wave
heating with varying irregularity scale size (and radar frequency). . . 33
3.7 The time evolution of electron irregularities during radio wave heating
with varying dust density. Here ¸=¸D=512. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.8 The time evolution of electron irregularities during radio wave heating
with varying dust radius. Here nd0=n0=0.01 and ¸=¸D = 512. . . . . . 36
3.9 The electron diffusion to dust charging ratio during radio wave heating
with varying dust radius for the previous ¯gure. . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.10 The time evolution of electron irregularities during radio wave heating
with varying dust radius distributions with the same RMS dust radius
of 10nm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.11 The time evolution of electron irregularities during radio wave heating
with varying heating temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.12 The time evolution of electron irregularities during radio wave heat-
ing with varying electron irregularity scale size (and radar frequency).
Both discrete and continuous model results are shown. . . . . . . . . 42
3.13 The time evolution of electron irregularities during radio wave heating
with varying dust sizes. Both discrete and continuous model results
are shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.14 The time evolution of electron irregularities during radio wave heating
with varying dust densities. Both discrete and continuous model results
are shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.15 Time evolution of dust charge number distributions for Fig. 3.14 1%
dust density case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.1 The time evolution of electron irregularities during radio wave heating
with varying irregularity scale size (and radar frequency) utilizing the
computational model. The heating is turned on at 25 s and off at 125 s. 48
4.2 Comparison of computational (thin curves) and analytical (thick curves)
models after the turn-on of radio wave heating (at t = 25 seconds) for
varying electron irregularity scale size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.3 Time evolution of electron irregularities in the computational model
for varying dust densities after the initial turn-on of the radio wave
at t = 25 seconds. Note low density cases exhibit enhancement in
irregularity amplitude upon continued heating and high density cases
show a reduction in irregularity amplitude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.4 Corresponding analytical model calculations (equation (4.) for Figure
4.3 showing the temporal evolution of irregularities for varying dust
density after turn-on of radio wave heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.5 Spatial presentation of electron (±½e=qen0), ion (±½i=qin0), and dust
(±½d=qen0) irregularities before, during, and after radio wave heating
with varying irregularity scale size (1, 4 and 16 meters) as shown in
Figure 4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.6 Schematic of electron irregularity behavior subsequent to radio wave
heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.7 Comparison of the full computational model of section 3.1 with the
analytical model (equation (4.17)) for the parameters of Figure 4.1.
Note results represented in the form of ¢~±ne which is the normalized
electron irregularity amplitude di®erence from the equilibrium before
heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.8 Electron and ion charging current time evolution during heating. . . . 66
4.9 Plot of the constants in equations (4.27) and (4.31) dependence on
rh(= Te=Te0). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.1 The PMSE heating experiment scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.2 HAARP HF radar digital receiver set up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.3 HAARP HF radar analog receiver set up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.4 SNR versus time plot of HF PMSE detection at 4.9 MHz. . . . . . . . 75
5.5 HF radar incoming signal power level during PMSE detection at 4.9
MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.6 SNR versus time plot of HF PMSE heating observation at 4.9 MHz . 79
5.7 Signal power (dBm) of HF PMSE radar scatter during heatings at 4.9
MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.8 Normalized Signal power (dBm) of HF PMSE radar scatter during
heatings at 4.9 MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.9 50 MHz radar observation during the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . 81
B.1 The charging rate comparison of three different charging models. . . . 98
B.2 The comparison of average charge numbers on dust particles. . . . . . 99
B.3 Time evolution of electron density irregularities with different charging models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

List of Tables
5.1 Experiment Setup for PMSE detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.2 HAARP operated as heater at 3.16 MHz, heater will be turn on and
turn off in sequences with different power consumptions. Note: Repeat
this cycle as time allows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3 HAARP operated as radar at 4.9 MHz, the radar transmitter will be
operated in a sequences with different power consumptions. Note: Re-
peat this cycle as time allows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.4 HAARP operated as radar at 4.9 MHz for 2 hours during the experiment. 79
5.5 HAARP operated as heater at 3.25 MHz with 5 minutes on and 5
minutes off for 2 hours during the experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01022008-021057/unrestricted/Dissertation.pdf
***Please Read...

.

Ice iron/sodium film as cause for high noctilucent cloud radar reflectivity

...2009...

!!!Rapp and Lübken (RL09) state that there is excellent, precise agreement between observations and polar mesosphere summer echo (PMSE) models based on radar reflection by gas-phase electrons and conclude that because of this excellent, precise agreement other models should not be considered. In particular, they provide figures demonstrating quantitative agreement between observations and a heating/overshoot model. Careful consideration of the models presented by RL09 shows that there are inconsistencies in the assumptions regarding Lambda (i.e., the ratio of the number density of electrons attached to aerosol particles to the number density of free electrons) and there are quantitative errors in the calculation of the radar reflection. In addition, RL09’s claim that the correlation between PMSE maximum and bite-outs is either spurious or misrepresentative is refuted using radar measurements. Finally, it is shown that there is a shortcoming (not discussed by RL09) in the Bellan 2008 model, and a modification addressing this shortcoming is briefly discribed!!!

1. Introduction
2. Issues Regarding Fraction of Electrons Residing on Aerosol
3. Bite-Outs, HF Heating, and PMSE
4. Inappropriate Modeling of Bragg Scattering by Rapp and Lübken [2000]
5. Incorrect Power Scaling by Havnes et al. [2004]
6. Metallic Coating
7. Issue Regarding the Geometry of Metal-Coated Dust Grains
 
References
Bellan, P. M. (2008), Ice iron/sodium film as cause for high noctilucent cloud radar reflectivity
Biebricher, A., O. Havnes, T. W. Hartquist, and C. LaHoz (2006), On the influence of plasma absorption by dust on the PMSE overshoot effect
Blix, T. A., M. Rapp, and F.-J. Lübken (2003), Relations between small scale electron number density fluctuations, radar backscatter, and charged aerosol particles
Chilson, P. B., E. Belova, M. T. Rietveld, S. Kirkwood, and U. P. Hoppe (2000), First artificially induced modulation of PMSE using the EISCAT heating facility
Cho, J. Y. N., T. M. Hall, and M. C. Kelley (1992), On the role of charged aerosols in polar mesosphere summer echoes
Ginzburg, V. L. (1970), The Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasmas
Havnes, O., C. La Hoz, A. Biebricher, M. Kassa, T. Meseret, L. I. Naesheim, and T. Zivkovic (2004), Investigation of the mesospheric PMSE conditions by use of the new overshoot effect
Jackson, J. D. (1999), Classical Electrodynamics
Landau, L. D., and E. M. Lifshitz (1960), Electrodynamics of Continuous Media
Rapp, M., and F.-J. Lübken (2000), Electron temperature control of PMSE
Rapp, M., and F.-J. Lübken (2003), On the nature of PMSE: Electron diffusion in the vicinity of charged particles revisited
Rapp, M., and F.-J. Lübken (2009), Comment on “Ice iron/sodium film as cause for high noctilucent cloud radar reflectivity”
Rapp, M., J. Gumbel, F.‐J. Lübken, and R. Latteck (2002), D region electron number density limits for the existence of polar mesosphere summer echoes
Rapp, M., F.‐J. Lübken, P. Hoffmann, R. Latteck, G. Baumgarten, and T. A. Blix (2003), PMSE dependence on aerosol charge number density and aerosol sizeRottger, J., M. T. Rietveld, C. Lahoz, T. Hall, M. C. Kelley, and W. E. Swartz (1990), Polar mesosphere summer echoes observed with the EISCAT 933 -MHz radar and the CUPRI 46.9-MHz radar, their similarity to 224-MHz radar echoes, and their relation to turbulence and electron-density profiles
Von Zahn, U., and U. Berger (2003), Persistent ice cloud in the midsummer upper mesosphere at high latitudes: Three-dimensional modeling and cloud interactions with ambient water vapor

http://ve4xm.caltech.edu/webpub/2010-JGR-ATM-%20Comment%20on%20Comment.pdf
***Entire Paper...

.

What Can We Learn About the Ionosphere Using the EISCAT Heating Facility?

...Apart from being used for plasma physics, the HF facility near Tromsø, Norway, can be used to perturb the ionosphere at various heights in different ways, thereby giving information about the ionosphere. The co-located incoherent scatter radars are probably the most powerful instrument for probing the ionosphere, but HF techniques can complement the radars and even have some advantages. The principal perturbation method is to increase the electron temperature in a controlled way, some examples of which are presented here. Artificial electron heating in the E and F regions is useful for testing aeronomical models. More recently it has been discovered that electron heating can dramatically affect polar mesospheric echoes observed by VHF and UHF radars. Particularly the overshoot effect promises to be a powerful diagnostic of the physics and chemistry related to the formation of these layers, which are thought to involve dust, ice particles and aerosols. Radio induced optical emissions provide a way of measuring the lifetimes of excited species at different heights in the ionosphere, thereby providing a way of measuring the neutral density which is one of the most important parameters determining the lifetime. The technique of creating artificial periodic irregularities set up in the standing wave pattern of the upgoing and ionospherically reflected HF wave provides valuable information all heights below reflection. One particular feature of this method is that it can detect the presence of layers around 50 km and measure vertical winds, and electron densities and temperatures at various heights...

...Dedicated powerful HF radio wave transmitting facilities have been in use since the 1970s to do both plasma physics and geophysical research. Although incoherent radar, which is often co-located with such a powerful HF facility, is recognised as being the most powerful technique for measuring ionospheric and to some extent atmospheric properties, its capabilities can often be extended by using ionospheric perturbation techniques. HF-modification facilities, which themselves are much less expensive than incoherent scatter radars, can also be used together with even less expensive HF or VHF coherent scatter radars or other diagnostics to probe the ionosphere and even magnetosphere as will be shown below. By perturbing the ionosphere in a controlled way and measuring the effect with some other instrument, it is possible to learn something about the properties of the ionospheric plasma or the neutral atmosphere...

...There are several ways of causing a perturbation with a powerful HF radio wave. The absorption of the wave causes electron heating, which is perhaps the most direct way, and will be discussed in section 2. Another way is to directly excite plasma waves which are localised in their source height by resonance conditions. If the plasma waves are Langmuir or ion acoustic waves they can be measured by incoherent scatter radars and allow accurate calibration of electron densities and temperatures. The associated plasma turbulence can also energize electrons such that they cause the atmospheric molecules to emit light. These plasma wave effects are discussed in Section 3. Modulated electron heating can be used to create low frequency ionospheric currents which are in turn useful for studying the properties of the ionosphere or the coupled ionosphere-magnetosphere system, as discussed in Section 4. Heating effects can also be used to track the ionospheric electric field of naturally-occurring ULF waves, as demonstrated in the same section. Finally, in Section 5 a technique is described where periodic irregularities set up in the standing wave of the reflected HF pump are used as a tracer for ionospheric parameters from the F region down to extremely low heights like 50 km...

2.0 ELECTRON HEATING
...A powerful HF is absorbed in the D region through collisions or simple Ohmic heating. Models predict temperature enhancements up to many hundreds or even thousands of degrees, but direct measurements of this by means of incoherent scatter radar has proved impossible to verify so far. Nevertheless the effects of electron heating at heights between about 60 and 90 km are evident. Examples are the modulation of the electron collision frequency and hence conductivities and electric currents by amplitude modulated heating at frequencies from sub-Herz to kHz, as described in Section 4. Heating effects in the E region also exist but have also been difficult to measure. Heating effects in the F region can be strong through anomalous absorption of the HF wave caused by electrostatic instabilities, and have been well documented. We now discuss the diagnostic applications of D region and F region heating...

2.1 The effect of electron heating on the mesosphere
...The mesosphere is that region of the atmosphere between about 50 and 85 km where the temperature decreases with altitude and reaches a minimum at around 85 km. It is difficult to access this region except through sounding rockets or radars. Radar echoes require sufficient electron density which is provided through ionising sunlight, precipitating energetic electrons through magnetospheric acceleration processes such as that associated with the aurora, or protons during energetic solar eruptions. When there are sufficient electrons, they can be structured on various spatial scales by turbulence, or by attachment to aerosols such as ice and dust particles, thereby acting as passive tracers of the neutral atmosphere and its inhomogeneities. VHF and occasionally UHF radar echoes which are seen commonly in the polar mesosphere at heights from 80 to 90 km, known as Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes (PMSE) are still not understood. Weaker and rarer echoes are also seen from lower heights around 70 km,
sometimes termed Polar Mesosphere Winter Echoes (PMWE)...

...Chilson et al. found that the strength of PMSE echoes could be weakened by up to 10 dB by transmitting a powerful HF wave of several hundred MW effective radiated power (ERP). The response time was practically instantaneous [14] suggesting that electron heating, which has a time constant of tens to hundreds of microseconds in these heights [15], caused the weaker echoes. The weakening of the echoes is caused by the increased diffusivity of the hotter electrons smearing out the small (meter) scale structuring of the electrons [16]. More recently O. Havnes predicted that that by using a lower duty cycle modulation, it should also be possible to enhance the strength of the echoes [17]. The effect which was immediately found [18] and which is shown in Fig.1, promises to be an important diagnostic of the mesosphere and D region. This is because, as Fig. 2 shows, the overshoot characteristic curve depends on the aerosol size used in the model. Figure 2 shows two cases computed for a plasma density n0= 4 × 109 m-3 and an increase in the electron temperature from 150 K without heating, to 390 K with heating. The level of suppression (0 to 1 in Fig.2) depends on the temperature enhancement. Two different dust sizes were used in the figure. The dust density is nd = 109 m-3 for the case with particles of radius r = 10 nm (solid line) and nd = 4 × 107 m-3 for the 50 nm large particles (dashed line)...

2.2 Heating effects in the F region
...Measurements of HF-induced electron heating in the F-region were first analysed in detail by Mantas et al. Such measurements provide useful tests of models of the thermal balance of the electron and ion gas in the ionosphere. If one neglects particle concentration changes then only the coupled time-dependent heat equations for the electron and ion gas need to be solved. A large error in the assumed electron energy loss rates through the various collision mechanisms can be detected by comparing the observed with the calculated decay rate of the enhanced electron temperature profile after turning the HF wave off...

2.2.1 Artificial optical emissions
Artificial optical emissions from the F region (and E region) can be induced by high power radio waves. The easiest emission to be observed is the red line at 630 nm from O(1D) which has an excitation threshold energy of 1.97 eV , followed by the green line at 577.7 nm from O(1S) with an effective energy threshold of 4.19 eV but lines have also been observed at 844.6 nm, from O(3p3P) with threshold of 10.99 eV and at 427.8 nm with threshold 18 eV from N2 +. There seem to be two mechanisms involved. The first is the reasonably well understood thermal heating of the electrons causing the Maxwellian tail to be enhanced. With electron heating of 2000-4000K this mechanism can explain the 630 nm red-line emission of atomic oxygen which has the lowest excitation energy. The other mechanism, which is not well understood, is the acceleration of thermal electrons to supra-thermal energies of up to a few tens of eV by a process involving plasma waves. This second mechanism seems necessary to explain the green line atomic oxygen emission and other emissions with higher energy thresholds. Whatever the mechanism, it is possible to create a cloud of excited atomic oxygen atoms which can be used to determine thermospheric properties as described by. For example, steady state heating causes the cloud of optical emission to move with the plasma velocity (E × B drift) and show the irregularity structure of the plasma. When the radio wave is turned off, the cloud expands by neutral diffusion drifts and drifts with the neutral wind velocity as the intensity decays on a timescale of tens of seconds. The decay rate is determined by the collisional quenching rate and both diffusion quenching rates are directly related to the atomic and molecular concentrations in the thermosphere. Whereas the neutral wind probably does not vary much with height, the neutral density decreases with height causing the lifetime of the excited O state and the diffusion rate to decrease with height. Thus by measuring the decay of artificial red line emissions at different heights one could obtain a height profile of the neutral density. Some initial measurements which could be used in an attempt to do this is shown in Figure 3, taken from, where the optical emission height increased as the ionosphere decayed after sunset. In such experiments it is necessary to determine the height of the optical emissions by triangulation using several cameras. The source height of the electron heating or electron acceleration, which is the upper-hybrid resonance height which is close to but below the HF reflection height, can usually be determined from ionosonde or radar measurements...

3.0 PLASMA WAVE EXCITATION
...The electric field of the powerful HF wave becomes even stronger near the reflection height as a result of the decreasing refractive index. It can decay into ion acoustic and Langmuir waves both of which may be detected by incoherent scatter radars and thereby provide a strong signal, in a usually very narrow range extent which is ideal for calibrating electron density measurement of such radars. Often it is even possible to obtain such enhanced ion and plasma lines on the topside ionosphere, through tunnelling of the HF wave in the Z-mode...

4.0 ULF, ELF, VLF WAVE EXCITATION AND DETECTION

4.1 Excitation of ELF/VLF waves
...The production of ELF/VLF waves (from hundreds of Hz to many kHz) by modulated heating and thereby conductivity modulation in the lower layers of the ionosphere allows a number of diagnostic techniques. An advantage of this source of low frequency waves is its wide instantaneous bandwidth in spite of the low efficiency. One approach is to use the radiated ELF/VLF waves propagating in the Earthionosphere waveguide to test models of propagation and models of the lower ionosphere, as done by Barr et al. for example. The nonlinear relationship between electron temperature enhancement and HF energy input depends on the loss mechanism of the heated electrons. For small electron temperature enhancements, rotational excitation of N2 and O2 is the most efficient energy loss mechanism. Its temperature dependence is known to be (Te - Tn)/Te 1/2 where Te and Tn are the electron and neutral temperatures respectively Since the collision frequency ve is approximately proportional to Te, there exists an altitude above which the HF absorption coefficient increases with Te more strongly than Te 1/2 It is obvious that in this case there is a critical energy input above which the loss cannot compensate the gain. Correspondingly, a runaway solution for Te arises, which is eventually limited by other energy loss mechanisms, mainly vibrational excitation of N2 and O2. This relationship could be measured by seeing how the amplitude of waves at a fixed ELF/VLF modulation frequency having a fixed modulation depth varies as the average HF level is increased, as outlined in [24]. Although there have been many ELF/VLF modulation experiments performed over the years, this particular one has not been done, but it could provide the shape of the Te vs. HF-power curve which one should be able to relate to the model containing the height profile of [O2],[N2] and Tn...

4.2 Excitation of ULF waves
...The production of ULF waves below about 10 Hz is particularly interesting because there are so few alternative artificial sources. These waves, as they propagate into the magnetosphere as Alfvén waves can be very efficiently guided along the magnetic field to satellites and thereby provide a tracer of the field line. They may also be used to actively study the ionospheric Alfvén resonator...

4.3 Detection of ULF waves using heating
...There are at least two ways of detecting the ionospheric signature of naturally occurring ULF pulsations. The first way is by the fact that the electric field of the natural ULF wave modulates the current system in the lower ionosphere thereby imparting its frequency on any ELF or VLF waves that may be produced by artificial modulation of those currents. Signatures of natural Pc 4 and Pc 1 ULF waves were thus found on ELF/VLF waves produced by the HF facility and recorded on the ground nearby [30, 31]. These ULF waves were also seen by ground-based magnetometers. Another, more interesting technique can be used to detect the ionospheric signature in the F region of pulsations that have such a localised spatial scale that they are not normally observable by ground based magnetometers because of the shielding effect of the ionosphere. It involves generating decameter scale irregularities near the upper-hybrid resonance height using o-mode heating, and then detecting the movement of the irregularities with coherent radars like SUPER DARN. The horizontal electric fields of the pulsation cause an E × B force on the plasma containing the artificial irregularities resulting in a Doppler shift of coherently scattered radar signals. The artificial irregularities have a very narrow intrinsic backscatter spectrum, allowing high precision measurements of the drifts...

5.0 PROBING OF ARTIFICIAL PERIODIC IRREGULARITIES
...A particularly powerful method of using heating facilities to probe the ionosphere from the reflection height of the HF wave down to 50 km or so is the artificial periodic irregularity (API) technique developed by a Russian group using the SURA HF facility [34]. The technique relies on the standing wave pattern created by the by the HF wave and its reflection causing a horizontally stratified periodic perturbation to the refractive index which is then probed by pulsed HF radio waves matching the Bragg scattering criterion. This probing can be performed with the same frequency and polarisation as the pump wave so that the Bragg condition is met at all heights. In this case the probing can only be done to watch the irregularity pattern decay immediately after the pump switches off. Alternatively, the probing can be done with another frequency and polarization such that the Bragg condition is met over a narrow range of heights, but while the pump wave is on. The first mode is appropriate for D region heights where the time constant for irregularities to decay is generally long enough. An example is shown in Fig. 4 where irregularities are formed in two height regions, 80-100 km and 50-60 km and decay with different time constants which are determined by the ion chemistry...

6.0 SUMMARY
...I have presented some examples of HF-heating of the ionosphere can be used to learn about the ionosphere and even magnetosphere. Most of the techniques have been tried to some extent, but there is a large potential to exploit them in a more systematic way...

7.0 REFERENCES
[1] Wong, A. Y., Carroll, J., Dickman, R. et. al. (1990). High-power radiating facility at the HIPAS
observatory
[2] Pedersen, T. R. & Carlson, H. C. (2001). First observations of HF heater-produced airglow at the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program facility: Thermal excitation and spatial structuring
[3] Rietveld, M. T., Kohl, H. Kopka, H., & Stubbe, P. (1993). Introduction to ionospheric heating experiments at Tromsø Part 1: Experimental overview
[4] Robinson, T. R., Yeoman, T. K., Dhillon, R. S., Lester, M., Thomas, E. C., Thornhill, J. D., Wright, D. M., van Eyken, A. P., & McCrea, I. (2006). First observations of SPEAR induced artificial backscatter from CUTLASS and the EISCAT Svalbard radar
[5] Frolov V. L., Sergeev, E. N., Komrakov, G. P., Stubbe, P., Thidé, B., Waldenvik, M., Veszelei, E., & Leyser, T. B. (2004). Ponderomotive narrow continuum (NC p) component in stimulated electromagnetic emission spectra
[6] Fejer, J. A., Sulzer, M. P., & Djuth, F. T. (1991). Height dependence of the observed spectrum of radar backscatter from HF-Induced ionospheric langmuir turbulence
[7] Robinson, T. R., Bond, G., Eglitis, P., Honary, F., & Rietveld, M. T. (1998). RF heating of a strong auroral electrojet
[8] Mantas, G. P., Carlson Jr., H. C., & LaHoz, C. H. (1981). Thermal response of the F region ionosphere in artificial modification experiments by HF radio waves
[9] Rietveld, M. T., Kosch, M. J., Blagoveshchenskaya, N. F., Kornienko, V. A., Leyser, T. B., Yeoman, T. K. (2003). Ionospheric electron heating, optical emissions and striations induced by powerful HF radio waves at high latitudes: aspect angle dependence
[10] Röttger, J., LaHoz, C., Kelley, M. C., Hoppe, U.-P., & Hall, C., (1988). The structure and dynamics of polar mesosphere summer echoes observed with the EISCAT 224-MHz radar
[11] Cho, J, Y. N., & Kelley, M. C. (1993). Polar mesosphere summer radar echoes: Observations and current theories
[12] Kirkwood, S., Barabash, V., Belova, E., Nilsson, H., Rao, T. N., Stebel, K., Osepian, A., & Chilson, P. B. (2002). Polar mesosphere winter echoes during solar proton events
[13] Chilson, P. B., Belova, E., Rietveld, M. T., Kirkwood, S., & Hoppe, U.-P. (2000). First artificially induced modulation of PMSE using the EISCAT heating facility
[14] Belova, E., Chilson, P. B., Kirkwood, S., & Rietveld, M. T. (2003). The response time of PMSE to ionospheric heating
[15] Rietveld, M. T., Kopka, H., & Stubbe, P. (1986). D-region characteristics deduced from pulsed ionospheric heating under auroral electrojet conditions
[16] Rapp, M., & Lübken, F.-J. (2000). Electron temperature control of PMSE
[17] Havnes, O. (2004). Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes (PMSE) overshoot effect due to cycling of artificial electron heating
[18] Havnes, O., La Hoz, C., Naesheim, L. I., & Rietveld, M. T. (2003). First observations of the PMSE overshoot effect and its use for investigating the conditions in the summer mesosphere
[19] Gustavsson, B., Sergienko, T., Kosch, M. .J, Rietveld, M. T., Brändström, B. U. E., Leyser, T. B., Isham, B., Gallop, P., Aso, T., Ejiri, M., Grydeland, T., Steen, Å., LaHoz, C. Kaila, K., Jussila, J., & Holma, H. (2005). The electron energy distribution during HF pumping, a picture painted with all colors
[20] Bernhardt, P. A., Wong, M., Huba, J. D., Fejer, B. G.,Wagner, L. S., Goldstein, J. A., Selcher, C. A., Frolov, V. L., and Sergeev, E. N. (2000). Optical remote sensing of the thermosphere with HF pumped artificial airglow
[21] Gustavsson, B., Sergienko, T., Rietveld, M. T., Honary, F., Steen, Å., Brändström, B. U. E. Leyser, T. B., Aruliah, A. L. Aso, T., Ejiri, M., & Marple, S. (2001). First tomographic estimate of volume distribution of HF-pump enhanced airglow emission
[22] Barr, R., Rietveld, M. T., Kopka, H., Stubbe, P., & Nielsen, E. (1985). Extra-low-frequency radiation from the polar electrojet antenna
[23] Barr, R., Stubbe, P., Rietveld, M. T., & Kopka, H. (1986). ELF and VLF Signals Radiated by the 'Polar Electrojet Antenna': Experimental Results
[24] Stubbe, P., Kopka, H., Rietveld, M. T., & Dowden, R. L. (1982). ELF and VLF wave generation by modulated heating of the current carrying lower ionosphere
[25] Robinson, T. R., Strangeway, R., Wright, D. M., Davies, J. A., Horne, R. B., Yeoman, T. K., Stocker, A. J., Lester, M., Rietveld, M. T., Mann, I. R., Carlson, C. W., & McFadden, J. P. (2000). FAST observations of ULF waves injected into the magnetosphere by means of modulated RF heating of the auroral electrojet
[26] Wright, D. M., Davies, J. A., Robinson, T. R., Yeoman, T. K., Lester, M., Cash, S. R., Kolesnikova, E., Strangeway, R., Horne, R. B., Rietveld, M. T., & Carlson, C. W. (2003). The tagging of a narrow flux tube using artificial ULF waves generated by modulated high power radio waves
[27] Cash, S. R., Davies, J. A., Kolesnikova, E., Robinson, T. R., Wright, D. M., Yeoman, T. K., Strangeway, R. J. (2002). Modelling electron acceleration within the IAR during a 3 Hz modulated EISCAT heater experiment and comparison with FAST satellite electron flux data
[28] Kolesnikova, E., Robinson, T. R., Davies, J. A., Wright, D. M., Lester, M. (2002). Excitation of Alfvén waves by modulated HF heating of the ionosphere, with application to FAST observations
[29] Bösinger, T., kero, B., Pollari, P., Pashin, A., Belyaev, P., Rietveld, M., Turunen, T., & Kangas, J. (2000). Generation of artificial magnetic pulsations in the Pc1 frequency range by periodic heating of the Earth's ionosphere: indications of Alfvén resonator effects
[30] Rietveld, M. T., Kopka, H., Nielsen, E., Stubbe, P., & Dowden, R.L. (1983). Ionospheric electric field pulsations: a comparison between VLF results from an ionospheric heating experiment and STARE
[31] Rietveld, M. T., Kopka, H., & Stubbe, P. (1988). Pc1 ionospheric electric field oscillations
[32] Wright, D. M., & Yeoman, T. K. (1999). High-latitude HF Doppler observations of ULF waves. 2. Waves with small spatial scale sizes
[33] Eglitis, P., Robinson, T. R., Rietveld, M. T., Wright, D. M., & Bond, G. E., (1998). The phase speed of artificial field-aligned irregularities observed by CUTLASS during HF modification of the auroral ionosphere
[34] Belikovich, V. V., Benediktov, E. A., Tolmacheva, A. V., & Bakhmet’eva, N. V. (2002). Ionospheric research by means of artificial periodic irregularities
[35] Rietveld, M. T., E. Turunen, H. Matveinen, N. P. Goncharov & P. Pollari, P. (1996). Artificial Periodic Irregularities in the Auroral Ionosphere

http://www.sse.gr/NATO/EreunaKaiTexnologiaNATO/66.Characterising_the_Ionosphere/RTO-MP-IST-056/MP-IST-056-25.pdf

[TRY]

HAARP Seismometer

...The plot below is a seismogram or drumplot display of data collected from the University of Alaska seismometer installed at the HAARP site. The display software used to produce this seismogram is DrumPlot version 2.6 developed by->

 Guralp Systems.

 ...It simulates the traditional drum chart recordings of analog seismometers. Each horizontal trace represents one hour of recorded data, with sequential hours displaced vertically. The vertical red bar marks the current time of the recording, where new data are overwriting yesterday's data. Check the Alaska Earthquake Information Center for a listing of recent earthquakes...

http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/cgi-bin/seismic/drumplot.cgi

!!!so haaRp added a seismometer, need a HINT???

[phasma]

Thanks f0or that . . . Once would have to ask - IF they were just making pretty lights in the sky as the website claims - then why would they need a seismometer . . . .no?

(@ Try - check out my "Black Chemtrails" Post - insane stuff!)

[TRY]

Puerto Rico's first CubeSat

...November 4, 2011...

...The goal of the project is to provide (***exploit?...) an aerospace engineering experience to students in Puerto Rico by building a cube satellite (CubeSat)...

...This is the first scientific CubeSat to be built by a minority institution in USA ( Inter-American University). Also this will help promote the aerospace Workspace in Puerto Rico...

...Collaborations with major universities and governmental institutions provide training opportunities for students and faculty members from the island. PRIDCO -- the Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company is providing most of the funding for the project along with matching fund from the Puerto Rico NASA Space Grant...

 !A major scientific objective of the project is to undertand the different Ionosphere Thermosphere time constant when the SWIM CubeSat flys over the heating ionosphere from the Arecibo heating facility.

http://www.southgatearc.org/news/november2011/puerto_rico_first_cubesat.htm

!!!REF PAGE 8, Reply # 304!!!

[phasma]

So much info Try thank you !

[TRY]

Ionospheric modification with a VLF transmitter

...May-June, Oct-Nov 1989

!A controlled VLF wave-injection experiment was carried out in 1989 with the 28.5 kHz NAU transmitter in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico (100 kW radiated power) over two different 2-month periods (May-June, Oct-Nov 1989) !

...Detectable heating of the nightime D region by a 28.5 kHz signal is hide observed in 16 out of 144 cases with events occurring under conditions of moderate to low D region electron densities as represented by the unperturbed VLF signal levels. Three dimensional modeling of the effects of NAU heating on a probe VLF signal predicts values in general agreement with observations and suggests that maximum effects should occur under tenuous D region conditions...

...Geophysical Research Letters vol. 19, no. 20 p. 2071-2074. Oct. 23, 1992...

-Contract/Grant/Task Number: N00014-82-K-0489; N00014-92-J-1579; NSF DPP-86-11623
-Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 19; 20; p. 2071-2074.; Number of pages = 4
-Research supported by NASA

***keywords...
D REGION; IONOSPHERIC ELECTRON DENSITY; IONOSPHERIC HEATING; NIGHT SKY; RADIO TRANSMITTERS; THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELS; VERY LOW FREQUENCIES

http://www-star.stanford.edu/~vlf/publications/389.pdf
***Full Report^^^

-

Observations on the DE 1 Spacecraft of ELF/VLF Waves Generated by an Ionospheric Heater

...Dec 12, 1981...

-Contract/Grant/Task Number NAG5-476
-Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227), vol. 95, Aug. 1, 1990, p. 12187-12195
-Research supported by DFG

...Max - Planck - Insitut filr Aeronomie (MPAe Heating), Tromso Norway...

...DE 1 satellite radio observations were conducted in the 1525-5925 Hz hide range during a pass over an ionospheric heating facility; the waves were detected during a 2-min period, and the measurements indicated pulse-stretching by a few hundred msec, in conjunction with spectral broadening of about 10 Hz. The observed signal delays and pulse distortion are not consistent with expectations assuming propagation in a smooth magnetosphere between the assumed 'polar electrojet antenna' in the ionospheric D/E region and the 11,000-km altitude of the satellite. Scattering by density irregularities is judged the likely sources of the spectral broadening and delays...

***keywords...
ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERNS; AURORAL ELECTROJETS; EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCIES; IONOSPHERIC HEATING; IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION; SIGNAL DISTORTION; SIGNAL TRANSMISSION; VERY LOW FREQUENCIES

http://vlf.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publications/366.pdf
***Full Report^^^

-

Precipitation of electrons and protons in the subauroral zone stimulated by ground-based VLF emitter

...December 1981...

***haaRpsters...
Kovrazhkin, R. A.
Galperin, Iu. I.
Jorjio, N. V.
Mogilevsky, M. M.
Molchanov, O. A.

...The first direct detection of energetic proton and electron precipitation elicited from the ring current at L = 2.8 to 3.6 by ground-based VLF stimulation is documented. The measurements were made as part of the Soviet sub-auroral emitter (ESSA) experiment in December 1981. A 300 kW transmitter was operated at 19.1 kHz in 8 sec pulses, then 8 sec off. Measurements were made with instrumentation on the Aureol-3 spacecraft as it passed the irradiated region. The data covered the 0.04, 0.76, 0.1 and 1.8 keV particle energies with one instrument and four energy bands from 63-159 keV with another, with both instruments having 320 msec temporal resolution. The data were filtered for 16 sec fluctuations which would match the VLF operation and which were not present when the transmitter was not being used. The excited particles detected were displaced toward the equator. The 0.1-2 keV electron abundances were about 10,000-100,000/sq cm-sec-sr-keV and the 60-220 keV proton abundances were 1-100/sq cm-sec-sr-kev...

...Research supported by CNES and AN SSSR...

***keywods...
ELECTRON PRECIPITATION, PLASMA-ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTION, PROTON PRECIPITATION, RADIO PROBING, FRENCH SATELLITES, MAGNETOSPHERIC INSTABILITY, SPACE PLASMAS, SPACEBORNE EXPERIMENTS, VERY LOW FREQUENCIES

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985rapr.proc..645K

-

Heating of the ambient ionosphere by an artificially injected electron beam

...1977-1978...

...An electrostatic analyzer on the electron accelerator of the Electron hide Echo 2 experiment showed that the electrons of the background plasma were heated to 10,000 K or more within 8 ms of the start of gun pulses. The degree of heating was dependent on the orientation of the rocket with respect to the magnetic field but was not measurably dependent on ambient electron density, neutral atmosphere density, or on the pitch angle at which the 40-keV electron beam was injected. This heating was also accompanied by an increase of plasma density. No evidence was found for an ion-free region around the rocket during gun pulses. These observations show that significant amounts of ionization are taking place around the rocket. During part of the flight a two-temperature electron distribution was found. It is believed that the high-temperature part of these distributions represents secondaries produced by the beam...
 
Contract/Grant/Task Number:    NSG-7108

***keywords...
ATMOSPHERIC DENSITY; BLACK BRANT SOUNDING ROCKETS; ELECTRON BEAMS; ELECTRON ENERGY; ELECTRON GUNS; ELECTROSTATIC PROBES; IONOSPHERIC ELECTRON DENSITY; IONOSPHERIC HEATING; PLASMA DENSITY; PLASMA HEATING; ROCKET SOUNDING

http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780039618&qs=N%3D4294961258%2B4294129239%2B4294922526%2B4294901118%26No%3D50

-

***more info here->

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/search.jsp?N=4294961258+4294129239+4294922526+4294901118&No=0
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

**more to come...

[TRY]

Argentine Ionospheric Radar Experiment Station (AIRES): Deployment Final phase

...Start Date: September 15, 2011...
...Expires: August 31, 2012 (Estimated)...

*Award Number: 1127333*

http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1127333&version=noscript


...Universidad Metropolitana (UMET) a member of the Ana G. Mendez University System (AGMUS) with a history of serving economically disadvantaged minority Hispanic students seeks to integrate pre-college, graduate and undergraduate student education with research in astronomy, atmospheric and space science by establishing a new “Advanced Modular Incoherent Scatter Radar (AMISR)” at the Arecibo geomagnetic conjugate point (AGCP), in Argentina, of the Arecibo Observatory, in Puerto Rico. AMISR is an ideal ISR complement to the Arecibo ISR for an AGCP facility...

!!! Together with the Arecibo ISR, it will enable simultaneous studies in the northern and southern hemisphere of a wide range of geophysical phenomena causally related to the vertical structure of the same geomagnetic field lines, north and south, and thus establish The first Global Scale Ionospheric Plasma Laboratory. A facility based on the installation of a face of AMISR near the town of La Plata in Argentina, hereafter referred as the Argentine Ionospheric Radar Experiment Station (AIRES), will offer innumerable educational, technological and scientific opportunities to Puerto Rican and Argentine academic and research institutions. It will directly promote international collaborations, enhance student participation and exchange, foster information technology development, and catapult the deployment of additional optical and radio remote sensing instrumentation that would provide complementary measurements of the atmosphere...

...This effort is a partnership primarily between AGMUS through UMET, the lead institution, various interested parties in the Argentinean university and scientific communities, and SRI International, as the principal supplier, but presupposes the continued existence of the Arecibo Observatory, which is part of the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC) presently operated by Cornell University. It will also take advantage of the logistical coordination that is being carried out for the last five years by NorthWest Research Associates (NWRA) and Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) to build educational and scientific resources in Argentina to host such facility...

...Under this project, UMET will procure, install, and operate a world-class, modern phased array research radar at the AGCP, located in Argentina, for the prime benefit of the Puerto Rico and Argentinean student, academic and scientific communities, as well as the worldwide community. This unique facility would place UMET in a leadership position within the international atmospheric and space science community at a time when these measurements will be crucial to face the challenges of this century. These challenges range from fundamental ones such as climate change to the influence of space weather on satellite navigation and communication systems. UMET will also establish an appropriate student environment allowing local students to take advantage of the availability of the AIRES for studies and projects at all levels from undergraduate to post-doctoral. UMET will place a purchase contract for the procurement, integration, and installation of the radar panels with SRI International. The site selection and preparation for the deployment of AMISR in Argentina will be coordinated by NWRA and UNLP who will work closely with both UMET and SRI. This will build on an on-going activity, which has already identified a potential candidate location. A site survey, aimed at assessing the feasibility of placing an AMISR face in Argentina, took place on September 28-30, 2009. The survey was conducted by personnel from SRI International, NWRA, and UNLP at the Argentine Institute of Radio Astronomy (IAR) campus in Villa Elisa near the city of La Plata. Overall, IAR’s campus at Villa Elisa appears to be compatible with an AMISR installation and operation, the only major unresolved question concerns the availability of power at that location1. In addition SRI will provide data analysis and archiving facilities, and arrange student and staff training as appropriate during a subsequent operations and maintenance phase...

...Ionospheric modification experiments can produce substantial local perturbations in the ionosphere, which can be measured effectively by relatively small radar systems. Even at the magnetically conjugate point, simulation suggests that the heating effects will be easily visible. Initial measurement, prior to the deployment of AMISR to the AGCP, are already planned. Dr. Janches (NWRA) and Dr. Carlos Martinis from Boston University (BU) are currently planning the deployment of an All-Sky Imager (ASI) at the Estacion Astronomica Rio Grande (EARG). Dr. Martinis currently operates two similar imagers in Argentina, one at Complejo Astronomico El Leoncito (CASLEO) in San Juan and the second one at the Mercedes Astronomical Observatory, in the province of Buenos Aires. With the addition of the ASI at EARG we will be able to cover optically almost the entire ionosphere over the Argentine territory. This ASI chain will support measurements coincident with the Arecibo radar and its soon-to-be-operational ionospheric HF heater enabling the area of interest to be precisely located...

...The facility will provide a number of unique capabilities, which will substantially extend the observations possible in conjunction with the Arecibo ISR and Heater. In common with the existing AMISR installations, it is expected that the new system will eventually be run as part of the coordinated Upper Atmosphere Facilities (UAF) operated by a number of institutions on behalf of NSF. The AMISR system will be able to make multi-beam observations in the area of the magnetically conjugate point of the Arecibo Observatory ISR and Heater. By combining simultaneous observations by the AIRES and Arecibo, the joint system will provide a wholly new and unique capability to observe and measure both the natural and heated ionosphere at both ends of the magnetic field line. The ability of the AMISR to make essentially simultaneous observations in many look directions allows the disturbed ionosphere and atmosphere to be studied in unprecedented detail. The superb performance of the AMISR system will allow unique observations of plasma line returns at both ends of the heated field line...

...After more than four decades of successful, transformational, science done at Arecibo, many of the most fundamental questions of ionospheric physics still remain unanswered. It is now apparent that they can only be successfully addressed with global arrays of instrumentations such as the one proposed here. The proposal of such facility is a natural next step given the success shown by existing collaborative programs between Argentine and US researchers involving the deployment of smaller scale instrumentation across the Argentine territory. Since this is a facility procurement proposal, only some potential applications are identified by way of illustration and to illuminate further discussion. The unique configuration of two incoherent scatter radars at opposite ends of the magnetic field line will support a remarkable range of scientific studies as detailed in the workshop report (from which the following is abridged):

1. Three-dimensional structure of the atmosphere - ionosphere - magnetosphere (A-I-M) system, particularly for those phenomena tied to the geomagnetic field.
2. Very large density gradients have been observed at Arecibo, as well as all kinds of structures at “sub-grid” resolution in global models. The Arecibo ISR limited “coning” motion prevents the gradients to be monitored adequately but, with an AMISR suitably placed near the conjugate point having a much larger field of view, it will be possible to observe the ion velocity distributions over an extremely large region of sky and, in so doing, unravel the physical processes involved.
3. Experiments performed at Arecibo during evening periods give evidence for conjugate photoelectrons precipitating through the field lines and the reappearance of the plasma line after astronomical twilight at Arecibo could only be attributed to conjugate photoelectrons, indicating that the F-region gyro line gets enhanced in the presence of the same conjugate photoelectrons. These results lead to the conclusion that there is a definite wave-particle interaction process going on during  he evening period that directs the conjugate photoelectrons into the local ionosphere. However, there is no information about the conjugate ionosphere parameters, such as electron density or temperature, needed to understand these phenomena quantitatively.
4. Whistler waves are electromagnetic plasma waves arising from the conversion of naturally occurring or man-made radio waves over a broad range of frequencies. Intense whistler waves can interact with the ionosphere and magnetosphere effectively, generating plasma modes and density irregularities, accelerating charged particles, and triggering electron precipitation. Controlled experiments on whistler wave propagation and interactions with ionospheric plasmas and radiation belts can be simultaneously conducted at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico and at the AGCP in Argentina.
5. Another fundamental question concerns the neutral oxygen density and temperature dilemma. Although knowledge of density and temperature, Tn, in the upper thermosphere is essential for solving many fundamental problems in terrestrial-space physics, existing ground-based remote sensing techniques used to infer these neutral parameters suffer from long-standing experimental uncertainties and theoretical ambiguities. Observations using an AMISR array panel at the AGCP would remove the historical difficulties of theoretical inversion approaches in particular, and they have the potential to provide a routine and reliable means for thermospheric parameter estimation.
6. The new HF heating facility within the Arecibo dish will be the lowest latitude HF facility in the world, and the only one with a conjugate magnetic point near land. Conjugate HF experiments between Arecibo and the AIRES facility will provide unique data on the aeronomy of the ionosphere. One science objective for a conjugate HF experiment, for example, is mapping of the exact conjugate point to Arecibo. This would provide validation of the IGRF geomagnetic field descriptions. This would be done by using artificial aurora for conjugate mapping; supra-thermal electron transport processes can be studied. A second objective is to test the theory of thermal pulse generation. The conjugate experiments would be done using a pulsed heater to generate both artificial aurora and a field-aligned thermal pulse.
7. Processes associated with equatorial and low latitude aeronomy are usually considered to be important inside the region bounded by ± ~10-20º geomagnetic latitude, the location of the crests of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA). Within this region, evidence of the latitudinal extent of thermosphere-ionosphere processes can be found in the phenomena of Equatorial Spread-F (ESF), and the Midnight Temperature Maximum (MTM). Inter-hemispheric comparisons can help researches to understand these processes with much greater precision. Although the proposed UAF is based on the installation of one or more AMISR phases at the AGCP, it will be crucial to combine it with the installation of additional state-of-the art optical and radio instrumentation (e.g., imagers, spectrographs, Fabry-Perot interferometers, ionosondes, etc). The current installation and operation of these instruments represents the first phase of the overall effort.
8. Another process is related to MSTIDs observed on 630.0 nm airglow images. These are bands moving southwestward (northwestward) in the northern (southern) hemisphere. There is no conclusive evidence, however, if these MSTIDs have always their counterpart at their conjugate locations. These types of optical structures offer the opportunity to investigate coupling, both in altitude and latitude, of aeronomic processes at low to mid latitudes in an under-sampled longitude sector in the Southern Hemisphere.
9. A second type of structure has been observed in the tropical ionosphere over Arecibo during heightened geomagnetic activity. This is usually referred to as “intense midlatitude spread-F”. These events create depletions, not only in the nightglow, but also in the TEC. Such structures almost certainly will have detrimental effects on navigation systems such as the Global Positioning Satellite system. Studying these phenomena from conjugate sites with complimentary sets of optical and radio instruments, including conjugate incoherent scatter radar facilities, may be the only way to come to a complete understanding of these disturbances...
10. The AGCP would be located inside one of the most dynamically active neutral atmospheric. regions on the planet. Because of the critical role of GW momentum fluxes in controlling the mesospheric circulation, thermal structure, and variability, and in anticipated (but unproven) influences on tidal and PW structures, its quantification at a wide range of latitudes is perhaps the most pressing need in understanding and accounting for these dynamics in large-scale models of the MLT. The region extending from La Plata, Argentina, over the Antarctic peninsula may be among the most active, interesting, and important regions at which to quantify GW influences of any site on the planet. Because of the critical role of GW momentum fluxes in controlling the mesospheric circulation, thermal structure, and variability, and in anticipated (but unproven) influences on tidal and PW structures, its quantification at a wide range of latitudes is perhaps the most pressing need in understanding and accounting for these dynamics in large-scale models of the MLT. The region extending from La Plata, Argentina, over the Antarctic peninsula may be among the most active, interesting, and important regions at which to quantify GW influences of any site on the planet.

...Full sized AMISR faces have already been deployed at Poker Flat, Alaska (1 face), and Resolute Bay, Canada (2 faces), while smaller instruments are deployed in conjunction with the HAARP project at Gakona, Alaska ***MiTB... and the Jicamarca ISR, in Lima, Peru. The systems are extensively documented through the project web site ->

 isr.sri.com/iono/AMISR/

<- The central component of the AMISR is the antenna element unit (AEU), which consists of a 500-watt transmitter, a receiver, control circuitry, and a crossed dipole antenna. The AEU design has been engineered to maximize ease of manufacturing, assembly, and testing, as determined by the contract manufacturer, Sanmina-SCI...

...The AMISR represents a mature instrument development with well proven and documented capabilities demonstrated by the first years of continuous operation at Poker Flat (Janches et al 2009), the construction and commissioning of a further AMISR at Resolute Bay, northern Canada, the current construction of a second AMISR face at Resolute Bay, and extensive plans for further installations in Antarctica and elsewhere...

!!! An AMISR in Argentina will allow those proven capabilities to be exploited by the local and extended scientific community in conjunction with the Arecibo ISR and heater and would significantly extend the current NSF ISR chain to cover a range of latitudes from the North Pole to southern latitudes, bridging the gap to the proposed Antarctic facilities...

!!! The combination of an AMISR and the Arecibo ISR and Heater allows observations of both the heated and undisturbed ionosphere and atmosphere, which are impossible from a single site, such as Arecibo itself. This dramatically expands the information which can be gathered, including information which is invisible to one system alone, allowing transformational improvements in the expected scientific insights arising from, for example, ionospheric modification operations at Arecibo...

...Administrative Structure and Governance: The project headquarters will be at UMET. Dr. Juan F. Arratia, Executive Director of the Student Research Development Center, an AGMUS student-based organization, will be the PI and will manage the project. The Co-PI for the procurement phase will be Professor Sixto González, who will cover scientific issues. Dr. Arratia is a senior administrator and mentor with experience implementing Cooperative Agreements at UMET. Dr. Arratia will report to the Chancellor of UMET for the period of the grant in matters related to the project. Dr. Arratia was awarded the 2007 US Presidential Award of Excellence in Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Mentoring. The PI, Co- PI and the staff at UMET will coordinate all the activities of the project agenda. The PI and Co-PI will coordinate all communication with the local government, municipalities, the universities, the high schools, industry and commerce, professional organizations and non-profit institutions. The PI and Co-PI’ responsibilities include day-to-day operation of the project, planning, and implementation of all project activities, subcontracting, reporting, and direct interactions with the funding agency, and external funding development, as well as the implementation of the administrative and research activities with scientists...
...Implementation Team: will be comprised of the PI, Co-PI, the Administrative Director, the Evaluator, and representatives of the AMISR vendor as required. They will be active participants in all major activities. The Team will meet every month and implement daily project activities, carry out tasks and activities outlined in the proposal, and coordinate project work. In particular the Project Management Team will be include Dr. Diego Janches from NWRA and Prof. Claudio Brunini from UNLP, whose participation is already funded through other awards and whose main goal will be the coordination between UMET, SRI and the Argentine institutions in the deployment of AMISR. They will also organize the scientific and educational activities in Argentina.
...Performance Assessment/Evaluation: The evaluation will be carried out by Systemic Research, Inc., led by experienced evaluators Dr. Jason Kim and Mrs. Linda Crasco. Systemic Research will design and develop a master evaluation plan, and will conduct project assessment/evaluation for the three years project period.

Dates Activity:
October 2010 Selection of project personnel
November 2010 Design project web page
Jan 2011 Issue purchase orders and subcontracts
Jan-April 2011 Final survey of Argentine site
March 2011 Selection of student team for project
March-Dec 2013 Student engineering and research activities
Nov 2011 AMISR panels and support equipment ready for delivery
Jan 2011 – Dec 2011 Evaluation of project activities
August 2010- Dec 2010 Student attending conferences
Dec 2010 Annual report to NSF
Nov 2011 Ship to Argentina
Jan 2011 – Dec 2011 Evaluation of project activities
Aug 2011 – Dec 2011 Students attending conferences
Dec 2011 Annual report to NSF
Dec 2011 – June 2012 Erect support structure and install panels and Cable assemblies & UDUs
July 2012 – Sept 2012 Test and calibrate radar
Jan 2012 – Dec 2012 Evaluation of project activities
Aug 2012 – Dec 2012 Students attending conferences
Dec 2012 Final Report to NSF
(Potential timetable)

*references*
D. Janches and C. Brunini, ‘Argentine Ionospheric Radar Experiment Station (AIRES) - Progress Report’, http://www.cora.nwra.com ~diego/docs/AIRESReportFeb2010.pdf, (2010)

D. Janches, D., M. Nicolls, and C. Heinselman, ‘Advances in high latitude atmospheric science with the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR)’ (2009)

Janches, D. and R. Brown, ‘Report on the Concept Development for an Upper Atmospheric Research Facility at the Arecibo Geomagnetic Conjugate Point in Argentina’, NAIC Arecibo Observatory, April 17-19, (2006)

Martinis, C., J. Baumgardner, S. M. Smith, M. Colerico, and M. Mendillo, Imaging science at El Leoncito, Argentina, (2006)

Shiokawa, K., Y. Otsuka, T. Tsugawa, T. Ogawa, A. Saito, K. Ohshima, M. Kubota, T. Maruyama, T. Nakamura, M. Yamamoto and P. Wilkinson, Geomagnetic conjugate observation of nighttime medium-scale and largescale traveling ionospheric disturbances: FRONT3 campaign, (2005)

http://amisr.suagm.edu/PDF/Project_Description.pdf


***Much More To Come!!!

[TRY]

*AMISR Publications:

2011
Varney, R.H., M.C. Kelley, M.J. Nicolls, C.J. Heinselman and R.L. Collins
"The electron density dependence of polar mesospheric summer echoes,"
2011
-
Bahcivan, H., R.T. Tsunoda, M.J. Nicolls and C.J. Heinselman
"Initial ionospheric observations made by the new Resolute incoherent scatter radar and comparison to solar wind IMF,"
2010

Butler, T.W., J. Semeter, C.J. Heinselman and M.J. Nicolls
"Imaging F region drifts using monostatic phased-array incoherent scatter radar,"
2010

Conde, M.G. and M.J. Nicolls
"Thermospheric temperatures above Poker Flat, Alaska, during the stratospheric warming event of January and February 2009
2010

Cosgrove, R.B., M.J. Nicolls, H. Dahlgren, S. Ranjan, E. Sanchez and R.A. Doe
"Radar detection of a localized 1.4 Hz pulsation in auroral plasma, simultaneous with pulsating optical emissions, during a substorm,"
2010

Kelley, M.C., M.J. Nicolls, R.H. Varney, R.L. Collins, R. Doe, J. Plane, J. Thayer, M. Taylor, B. Thurairajah and K. Mizutani
"Radar, lidar, and optical observations in the polar summer mesosphere shortly after a space shuttle launch,"
2010

Lyons, L.R., Y. Nishimura, Y. Shi, S. Zou, H.-J. Kim, V. Angelopoulos, C. Heinselman, M.J. Nicolls and K.-H. Fornacon
"Substorm triggering by new plasma intrusion: Incoherentscatter radar observations,"
2010

Michell, R.G.
"Simultaneous optical and radar measurements of meteors using the Poker Flat incoherent scatter radar,"
2010

Michell, R.G. and M. Samara
"High resolution observations of naturally enhanced ion acoustic lines and accompanying auroral fine structures,"
2010

Nicolls, M.J., R.H. Varney, S.L. Vadas, P. Stamus, C.J. Heinselman, R.B. Cosgrove, M.C. Kelley
"Influence of an inertia-gravity wave on mesospheric dynamics: A case study with the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar," 
2010

Nishimura, Y., L.R. Lyons, S. Zou, X. Xing, V. Angelopoulos, S.B. Mende, J.W. Bonnell, D. Larson, U. Auster, T. Hori, N. Nishitani, K. Hosokawa, G. Sofko, M. Nicolls, C. Heinselman
"Preonset time sequence of auroral substorms: Coordinated observations by all-sky imagers, satellites, and radars,"
2010

Samara, M. and R.G. Michell
"Ground-based observations of diffuse auroral frequencies in the context of whistler mode chorus,"
2010

Semeter, J., T. Butler, M. Zettergren, C. Heinselman, and M. Nicolls
"Composite imaging of auroral forms and convective flows during a substorm cycle,"
2010

Singer, H.J.
"Editor's Choice: Solar wind streams heat Earth's ionosphere,"
2010

Sparks, J.J., D. Janches, M.J. Nicolls, and C.J. Heinselman
"Determination of physical and radiant meteor properties using PFISR interferometry measurements of head echoes,"
2010

Zhang, S.-R., J.M. Holt, A.P. van Eyken, C. Heinselman, and M. McCready
"IPY observations of ionospheric yearly variations from high to middle latitude incoherent scatter radars,"
2010

Zou, S., M.B. Moldwin, L.R. Lyons, Y. Nishimura, M. Hirahara, T. Sakanoi, K. Asamura, M.J. Nicolls, Y. Miyashita, S.B. Mende, C.J. Heinselman, "Identification of substorm onset location and preonset sequence using Reimei, THEMIS GBO, PFISR and Geotail,"
2010
-
Bahcivan, H., M.C. Kelley, J.W. Cutler
"Radar and rocket comparison of UHF radar scattering from auroral electrojet irregularities: Implications for a nanosatellite radar,"
2009

Chau, J.L., F.R. Galindo, C.J. Heinselman, and M.J. Nicolls
"Meteor-head echo observations using an antenna compression approach with the 450 MHz Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar,"
2009

Fentzke, J.T., D. Janches, and J.J. Sparks
"Latitudinal and season variability of the micrometeor input function: A study using model predictions and observations from Arecibo and PFISR,"
2009

Hysell, D.L., G. Michhue, M.J. Nicolls, C.J. Heinselman, and M.F. Larsen
"Assessing auroral electric field variance with coherent and incoherent scatter radar,"
 2009

Janches, D., D.C. Fritts, M.J. Nicolls, and C.J. Heinselman
"Observations of D-region structure and atmospheric tides with PFISR during active aurora,"
2009

Jones, S.L., M.R. Lessard, P.A. Fernandes, D. Lummerzheim, J.L. Semeter, C.J. Heinselman, K.A. Lynch, R.G. Michell, P.M. Kintner, H.C. Stenbaek-Nielsen, and K. Asamura
"PFISR and ROPA observations of pulsating aurora,"
2009

Kelly, J., and C. Heinselman
"Initial results from Poker Flat incoherent scatter radar (PFISR),"
2009

Kosch, M.J., B. Gustavsson, C. Heinselman, T. Pedersen, M.T. Rietveld, J. Spaleta, A. Wong, W. Wang, C. Mutiso, B. Bristow, and J. Hughes
"First incoherent scatter radar observations of ionospheric heating on the second electron gyro-harmonic,"
2009.

Lyons, L.R., H.-J. Kim, X. Xing, S. Zou, D.-Y. Lee, C.J. Heinselman, M.J. Nicolls, V. Angelopoulos, D. Larson, J. McFadden, A. Runov, and K.-H. Fornacon
"Evidence that solar wind fluctuations substantially affect global convection and substorm occurrence,"
2009

Lyons, L.R., S. Zou, C.J. Heinselman, M.J. Nicolls, and P.C. Anderson
"Poker Flat radar observations of the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling electrodynamics of the earthward penetrating plasma sheet following convection enhancements"
2009

Michell, R.G., K.A. Lynch, C.J. Heinselman, and H.C. Stenbaek-Nielsen
"High time resolution PFISR and optical observations of naturally enhanced ion acoustic lines,"
2009

Nicolls, M.J., M.C. Kelley, R.H. Varney, and C.J. Heinselman
"Spectral observations of polar mesospheric summer echoes at 33 cm (450 MHz) with the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar,"
2009

Richards, P.G., M.J. Nicolls, C.J. Heinselman, J.J. Sojka, J.M. Holt, and R.R. Meier
"Measured and modeled ionospheric densities, temperatures, and winds during the International Polar Year,"
2009

Roy, A., S.J. Briczinski, J.F. Doherty, and J.D. Mathews
"Genetic-algorithm-based parameter estimation technique for fragmenting radar meteor head echoes,"
2009

Sangalli, L., D.J. Knudsen, M.F. Larsen, T. Zhan, R.F. Pfaff, and D. Rowland
"Rocket-based measurements of ion velocity, neutral wind, and electric field in the collisional transition region of the auroral ionosphere,"
 2009

Semeter, J., T. Butler, C. Heinselman, M. Nicolls, J. Kelly, and D. Hampton
"Volumetric imaging of the auroral ionosphere: Initial results from PFISR,"
2009

Sojka, J.J., R.L. McPherron, A.P. van Eyken, M.J. Nicolls, C.J. Heinselman, and J.D. Kelly,
"Observations of ionospheric heating during the passage of solar coronal hole fast streams,"
2009

Sojka, J.J., M.J. Nicolls, C.J. Heinselman, and J.D. Kelly
"The PFISR IPY observations of ionospheric climate and weather,"
2009

Sparks, J.J., and D. Janches
"Latitudinal dependence of the variability of the micrometeor altitude distribution,"
2009

Sparks, J. J., and D. Janches
"Correction to 'Latitudinal dependence of the variability of the micrometeor altitude distribution',"
2009

Sparks, J.J., D. Janches, M.J. Nicolls, and C.J. Heinselman
"Seasonal and diurnal variability of the meteor flux at high latitudes observed using PFISR,"
2009

Taylor, M.J., Y. Zhao, P.-D. Pautet, M.J. Nicolls, R.L. Collins, J. Baker-Tvedtness, C.D. Burton, B. Thurairajah, J. Reimuller, R.H. Varney, C.J. Heinselman, and K. Mizutani
"Coordinated optical and radar image measurements of noctilucent clouds and polar mesospheric summer echoes,"
2009

Vadas, S.L. and M.J. Nicolls
"Temporal evolution of neutral, thermospheric winds and plasma response using PFISR measurements of gravity waves,"
2009

Varney, R.H., M.J. Nicolls, C.J. Heinselman, and M.C. Kelley
"Observations of polar mesospheric summer echoes using PFISR during the summer of 2007,"
2009

Zou, S., L.R. Lyons, M.J. Nicolls, and C.J. Heinselman
"PFISR observations of strong azimuthal flow bursts in the ionosphere and their relation to nightside aurora,"
2009

Zou S., L.R. Lyons, M.J. Nicolls, C.J. Heinselman, and S.B. Mende
"Nightside ionospheric electrodynamics associated with substorms: PFISR and THEMIS ASI observations,"
2009
-
Gustavsson, B., M. Kosch, A. Wong, T. Pedersen, C. Heinselman, C. Mutiso, B. Bristow, J. Hughes and W. Wang
"First estimates of volume distribution of HF-pump enhanced emissions at 6300 and 5577 Å: a comparison between observations and theory,"
2008

Heinselman, C.J., M.J. Nicolls
"A Bayesian approach to electric field and E-region neutral wind stimation with the Poker Flat Advanced Modular Incoherent Scatter Radar,"
2008

Hysell, D.L., G. Michhue, M.F. Larsen, R. Pfaff, M.J. Nicolls, C.J. Heinselman, and H.  Bahcivan
"Imaging radar observations of Farley Buneman waves during the JOULE II experiment,"
2008

Kagan, L.M., R.S. Kissack, M.C. Kelley, and R. Cuevas
"Unexpected rapid decrease in phase velocity of submeter Farley-Buneman waves with altitude,"
2008

Kelley, M.C., R.A. Cuevas, and D.L. Hysell
"Radar scatter from equatorial electrojet waves: An explanation for the constancy of the Type I Doppler shift with zenith angle,"
2008

Michell, R.G., K.A. Lynch, C.J. Heinselman, and H.C. Stenbaek-Nielsen
"PFISR nightside bservations of naturally enhanced ion acoustic lines and their relation to boundary auroral features,"
2008

Sandahl, I., T. Sergienko, U. Brändström
"Fine structure of optical aurora,"
2008

Vadas, S.L., M.J. Nicolls
“Using PFISR measurements and gravity wave dissipative theory to determine the neutral, background thermospheric winds,"
2008
-
Hysell, D.L., J. Drexler, E.B. Shume, J.L. Chau, D.E. Scipion, M. Vlasov, R. Cuevas, C. Heinselman
"Combined radar observations of equatorial electrojet irregularities at Jicamarca,"
2007

Kosch, M.J., T. Pedersen, E. Mishin, S. Oyama, J. Hughes, A. Senior, B. Watkins, B. Bristow,
"Coordinated optical and radar observations of ionospheric pumping for a frequency pass through the second electron gyroharmonic at HAARP,"
2007

Kosch, M.J., T. Pedersen, E. Mishin, M. Starks, E. Gerken-Kendall, D. Sentman, S. Oyama, B. Watkins
"Temporal evolution of pump beam self-focusing at the High-Frequency Active Auroral Research Program,"
2007

Mathews, J.D., S.J. Briczinski, D.D. Meisel, C.J. Heinselman
"Radio and meteor science outcomes from comparisons of meteor radar observations at AMISR Poker Flat, Sondrestrom, and Arecibo,"
2007

Nicolls, M.J., C.J. Heinselman, E.A. Hope, S. Ranjan, M.C. Kelley, J.D. Kelly
"Imaging of polar mesosphere summer echoes with the 450 MHz Poker Flat Advanced Modular Incoherent Scatter Radar,"
2007

Nicolls, M.J., C.J. Heinselman
"Three-dimensional measurements of traveling ionospheric disturbances with the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar,"
2007

Vlasov, M.N., M.C. Kelley, and D.L. Hysell
"Eddy turbulence parameters inferred from radar observations at Jicamarca,"
2007
-
Oyama, S., B.J. Watkins, F.T. Djuth, M.J. Kosch, P.A. Bernhardt, C.J. Heinselman
"Persistent enhancement of the HF pump-induced plasma line measured with a UHF diagnostic radar at HAARP,"
2006

http://amisr.com/pubs.html

[TRY]

*UMLCAR publications:

Aragon-Angel, A., Y.-A. Liou, C.-C. Lee, B.W. Reinisch, M. Hernez-Pajares, M. Juan, and J. Sanz,
Improvement of retrieved FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC electron densities validated by using Jicamarca DPS measurements
2011

Bilitza, B., L. McKinnell, B. W. Reinisch, and T. Fuller-Rowell
The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) today and in the future
2011

Chuo, Y.-J., C.-C. Lee, W.S. Chen and B.W. Reinisch
Comparison between bottomside ionospheric profile parameters retrieved from FORMOSAT3 measurements and ground-based observations collected at Jicamarcara
2011

Cummer, S. A., M. J. Reiner, B. W. Reinisch, M. L. Kaiser, J. L. Green, R. F. Benson, R. Manning, and K. Goetz
A test of magnetospheric radio tomographic imaging with IMAGE and WIND
2011

Fung, S. F., K. Hashimoto, S. A. Boardsen, L. N. Garcia, J. L. Green, H. Matsumoto, and B. W. Reinisch
Terrestrial myriametric radio burst 1 observed by IMAGE and Geotail satellites
2011

He, J.-S., E. Marsch, C.-Y. Tu, Q.-G. Zong, S. Yao, and H. Tian
Two-dimensional correlation functions for density and magnetic field fluctuations in magnetosheath turbulence measured by the Cluster spacecraft
2011

Lee, C.C., B.W. Reinisch
Variations in equatorial F2-layer parameters and comparison with IRI-2007 during a deep solar minimum
2011

Mishin, E., I. Galkin, E. Stutton, C. Roth, M. Forster, B. Reinisch, and G. Milikh
Observations of HF heating induced ionospheric/thermospheric perturbations over HAARP
2011

Morioka, A., Y. Miyoshi, F. Tsuchiya, H. Misawa, Y. Kasaba, T. Asozu, S. Okano, A. Kadokura , N. Sato, H. Miyaoka, K. Yumoto, G. K. Parks, F. Honary, J. G. Trotignon, P. M. E. Décréau, and B. W. Reinisch
On the simultaneity of substorm onset between two hemispheres
2011

Nsumei, P, B. W. Reinisch, X. Huang, and D. Bilitza
Empirical topside electron density model derived from ISIS satellite sounding data
2011

Ozhogin, P, J. Tu, P. Song, and B. W. Reinisch
Field-aligned distribution of the plasmaspheric electron density:  An empirical model derived from the IMAGE RPI measurements
2011

Pedersen, T., M. McCarrick, B. Reinisch, B. Watkins, R. Hamel, and V. Paznukhov
Production of artificial ionospheric layers by frequency sweeping near the 2nd gyroharmonic
2011

Reinisch, B. W. and I. A. Galkin
Global ionospheric radio observatory (GIRO)
2011

Shi, J. K., G. J. Wang, B. W. Reinisch, S. P. Shang, X. Wang, G. Zherebotsov, and A. Potekhin
The relationship between strong range spread F and ionospheric scintillations observed in Hainan from 2003 to 2007
2011

Shue, J.-H., Y.-S. Chen, W.-C. Hsieh, M. Nowada, B. S. Lee, P. Song, C. T. Russell, V. Angelopoulos, K. H. Glassmeier, J. P. McFadden, and D. Larson
Uneven compression levels of earth's magnetic fields by shocked solar wind
2011

Song, P., and V. M. Vasyliūnas
Heating of the solar atmosphere by strong damping of Alfvén waves
2011

Sonwalkar, V. S., D. L. Carpenter, A. Reddy, R. Proddaturi, S. Hazra, K. Mayank, and B. W. Reinisch
Magnetospherically reflected, specularly reflected, and backscattered whistler mode radio-sounder echoes observed on the IMAGE satellite: 1. Observations and interpretation
2011

Su, Z., Q.-G. Zong, C. Yue, Y. Wang, H. Zhang, and H. Zheng
Proton auroral intensification induced by interplanetary shock on 7 November 2004
2011

Tu, J., P. Song, and V. Vasyliunas
Ionosphere/thermosphere heating determined from dynamic magnetosphere-ionosphere/thermosphere coupling
2011

Vartanyan, A., G. M. Milikh, K. Papadopoulos, E. Mishin, M. Parrot, I. Galkin, B. Reinisch, J. Huba, G. Joyce
Artificial ducts caused by the HF-heating of the ionosphere by HAARP
2011

Wang, C., Q. Zong, F. Xiao, Z. Su, Y. Wang, and C. Yue
The relations between magnetospheric chorus and hiss inside and outside the plasmasphere boundary laye
2011

Wei, Y., W. Wan, Z. Pu, M. Hong, Q. Zong, J. Guo, B. Zhao, and Z. Ren
The transition to overshielding after sharp and gradual interplanetary magnetic field northward turning
2011

Yang, B., Q.-G. Zong, S. Y. Fu, X. Li, A. Korth, H. S. Fu, C. Yue, and H. Reme
The role of ULF waves interacting with oxygen ions at the outer ring current during storm times
2011

Yang, B., Q.-G. Zong
Pitch angle evolutions of oxygen ions driven by storm time ULF poloidal standing waves
2011

Zhai, Y., S. Cummer, J. Green, B. Reinisch, M. Kaiser, M. J. Reiner, and K. Goetz
Magnetospheric radio tomographic imaging with IMAGE and WIND
2011

Zhao, B., W. Wan, J. Lei, Y. Wei, Y. Sahai, A. Coster, and B. Reinisch
Positive ionospheric storm effects at Latin America longitude during the superstorm of 20–22 November 2003
2011

Zhao, B., W. Wan, B. Reinisch, X. Yue, H. Le, J. Liu, and B. Xiong
Features of the F3 layer in the low‐latitude ionosphere at sunset
2011

Zou, H., Q. G. Zong, G. K. Parks, Z. Y. Pu, H. F. Chen, and L. Xie
Response of high-energy protons of the inner radiation belt to large magnetic storms
2011
-
Fu, H. S., J. Tu, J. B. Cao, P. Song, B. W. Reinisch, D. L. Gallagher, and B. Yang
IMAGE and DMSP observations of a density trough inside the plasmasphere
2010

Fu, H. S., J. Tu, P. Song, J. B. Cao, B. W. Reinisch, and B. Yang
The nightside-to-dayside evolution of the inner magnetosphere: Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration Radio Plasma Imager observations
2010

Lui, A. T. Y., E. Spanswick, E. F. Donovan, J. Liang, W. W. Liu, O. LeContel, and Q.-G. Zong
A transient narrow poleward extrusion from the diffuse aurora and the concurrent magnetotail activity
2010

Milikh, G. M. E. Mishin, I. Galkin, A. Vartanyan, C. Roth, and B. W. Reinisch
Ion outflows and artificial ducts in the topside ionosphere at HAARP
2010

Nsumei, P. A., B. W. Reinisch, X. Huang, and D. Bilitza
Comparing topside and bottomside measured characteristics of the F2 layer peak
2010

Paznukhov, V. V., G. S. Sales, K. Bibl, B. W. Reinisch, P. Song, X. Huang, and I. Galkin
Impedance characteristics of an active antenna at whistler mode frequencies
2010

Pu., Z. Y., X. N., Chu, X. Cao, V. Mishin, V. Angelopoulos, J. Wang, Y. Wei, Q.-G. Zong, S. Y. Fu, L. Xie, and K.-H. Glassmeier
THEMIS observations of substorms on 26 February 2008 initiated by magnetotail reconnection
2010

Song, P., and V. M. Vasyliunas
Aspects of global magnetospheric processes
2010

Tian, A. M., Q. G. Zong, Y. F. Wang, Q. Q. Shi, S. Y. Fu, and Z. Y. Pu
A series of plasma flow vortices in the tail plasma sheet associated with solar wind pressure enhancement
2010

Wei, Y., Z. Pu, M. Hong, Q. Zong, J. Liu, J. Guo, A. Ridley, and W. Wan
Long‐lasting goodshielding at the equatorial ionosphere
2010

Xiao, T., Q. Q. Shi, T. L. Zhang, S. Y. Fu, L. Li, Q. G. Zong, Z. Y. Pu, L. Xie, W. J. Sun, Z. X. Liu, E. Lucek, and H. Reme
Cluster-C1 observations on the geometrical structure of linear magnetic holes in the solar wind at 1 AU
2010

Yang, B., Q.-G. Zong, Y. F. Wang, S. Y. Fu, P. Song, H. S. Fu, A. Korth, T. Tian, and H. Reme
Cluster observations of simultaneous resonant interactions of ULF waves with energetic electrons and thermal ion species in the inner magnetosphere
2010

Yue, C., Q. G. Zong, H. Zhang, Y. F. Wang, C. J. Yuan, Z. Y. Pu, S. Y. Fu, A. T. Y. Lui, B. Yang, and C. R. Wang
Geomagnetic activity triggered by interplanetary shocks
2010

Zhang, H., D. G. Sibeck, Q.‐G. Zong, S. P. Gary, J. P. McFadden, D. Larson, K.‐H. Glassmeier, and V. Angelopoulos
Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms observations of a series of hot flow anomaly events
2010

Zhang, X. Y., Q.-G. Zong, Y. F. Wang, H. Zhang, L. Xie, S. Y. Fu, C. J. Yuan, C. Yue, B. Yang, and Z. Y. Pu
ULF waves excited by negative/positive solar wind dynamic pressure impulses at geosynchronous orbit
2010

Zong, Q.-G., B. W. Reinisch, P. Song, Y. Wei, and I. Galkin
Dayside ionospheric response to the intense interplanetary shocks/solar wind discontinuities: Observations from the digisonde global ionospheric radio observatory
2010
-
Abdu, M. A., I. S. Batista, B. W. Reinisch, J. R. de Souza, J. H. A. Sobral, T. R. Pedersen, A. F. Medeiros, N. J. Schuch, E. R. de Paula, and K. M. Groves
Conjugate point equatorial experiment (COPEX) campaign in Brazil : Electrodynamics highlights on spread F development conditions and day-to-day variability
2009

Ayub, M., S. Iqbal, M. A. Ameen, and B. W. Reinisch
Study of maximum electron density NmF2 at Karachi and Islamabad during solar minimum (1996) and solar maximum (2000) and its comparison with IRI
2009

Darrouzet, F., D. L. Gallagher, N. Andre, D. L. Carpenter, I. D. Pierrette M. E. Décréau, J. De Keyser, R. E. Denton, J. C. Foster, J. Goldstein, M. B. Moldwin, B. W. Reinisch, B. R. Sandel, and J. Tu
Plasmaspheric density structures and dynamics:  Properties observed by the CLUSTER and IMAGE missions
2009

De Keyser, J., D. L. Carpenter, F. Darrouzet, D. L. Gallagher, and J. Tu
CLUSTER and IMAGE: New ways to study the Earth's plasmasphere
2009

Kutiev, I, P. Marinov, A. Belehaki, B. Reinisch and N. Jakowski
Reconstruction of topside density profile by using the topside sounder model profiler and digisonde data
2009

Lin, C. H., A. D. Richmond, J. Y. Liu, G. J. Bailey, and B. W. Reinisch
Theoretical study of new plasma structures in the low-latitude ionosphere during a major magnetic storm
2009

Paznukhov, V. V., D. Altadill, and B. W. Reinisch
Experimental evidence for the role of the neutral wind in the development of ionospheric storms in midlatitudes
2009

Ram, S. Tulasi  S.-Y. Su, C. H. Liu, B. W. Reinisch, and Lee-Anne McKinnell
Topside ionospheric effective scale heights (HT) derived with ROCSAT-1 and ground-based ionosonde observations at equatorial and midlatitude stations
2009

Reinisch, B. W., I. A. Galkin, G. M. Khmyrov, A. V. Kozlov, K. Bibl, I. A. Lisysyan, G. P. Cheney, X. Huang, D. F. Kitrosser, V.V. Paznukhov, Y. Luo, W. Jones, S. Stelmash, R. Hamel, and J. Grochmal
The New Digisonde for Research and Monitoring Applications
2009

Reinisch, B. W., M. B. Moldwin, R. E. Denton, D. L. Gallagher, H. Matsui, V. Pierrard, and J. Tu
Augmented Empirical Models of Plasmaspheric Density and Electric Field using IMAGE and CLUSTER Data
2009

Ruan, P., A. Korth, E. Marsch, B. Inhester, S. Solanki, T. Wiegelmann, Q.-G. Zong, R. Bucik, and K.-H. Fornacon
Multiple-spacecraft study of an extended magnetic structure in the solar wind
2009

Shi, Q. Q., Q.-G. Zong
Cluster observations of the entry layer equatorward of the cusp under northward interplanetary magnetic field
2009

Shi, Q. Q., Z. Y. Pu, J. Soucek, Q.-G. Zong, S. Y. Fu, L. Xie, Y. Chen, H. Zhang, L. Li, L. D. Xia, Z. X. Liu, E. Lucek, A. N. Fazakerley, and H. Reme
Spatial structures of magnetic depression in the Earth's high-altitude cusp: Cluster multipoint observations
2009

Shue, J.-H. J.-K. Chao,1 P. Song,2 J. P. McFadden,3 A. Suvorova,1 V. Angelopoulos,4 K. H. Glassmeier,5 and F. Plaschk
Anomalous Magnetosheath Flows and Distorted Subsolar Magnetopause for Radial Interplanetary Magnetic Fields
2009

Song, P., V. M. Vasyliunas, and X.-Z. Zhou
Magnetosphere-ionosphere or -thermosphere coupling: Self-consistent solutions for a one-dimensional stratified ionosphere in three-fluid theory
2009

Xiao, F., Q. Zong, and L. Chen
Pitch-angle distribution evolution of energetic electrons in the inner radiation belt and slot region during the 2003 Halloween storm
2009

Yuan, Zhi-Gang, Xiao-Hua Deng1, Shun-Rong Zhang, Wei-Xing Wan, Bodo W. Reinisch
F-region behavior in the SED plume during a super geomagnetic storm:  A case study
2009

Zhang, H., Q.-G. Zong, D. G. Sibeck, T. A. Fritz, J. P. McFadden, K.-H. Glassmeier, and D. Larson
Dynamic motion of the bow shock and the magnetopause observed by THEMIS spacecraft
2009

Zhou, X.-Z., V. Angelopoulos, A. Runov, M. I. Sitnov, F. Coroniti, P. Pritchett, Z. Y. Pu, Q.-G. Zong, J. P. McFadden, D. Larson, and K.-H. Glassmeier
Thin current sheet in the substorm late growth phase: Modeling of THEMIS observations
2009

Zhou, X.-Z., V. Angelopoulos, A. Runov, M. I. Sitnov, Q.‐G. Zong, and Z. Y. Pu
Ion distributions near the reconnection sites: Comparison between simulations and THEMIS observations
2009

Zhou, X.-Z. , Z. Y. Pu, Q.-G. Zong, P. Song, S. Y. Fu, J. Wang, and H. Zhang
On the error estimation of multi-spacecraft timing method
2009

Zong, Q.-G., X.-Z. Zhou, Y. F. Wang, X. Li, P. Song, D. N. Baker, T. A. Fritz, P. W. Daly, M. Dunlop, A. Pedersen
Energetic electron response to ULF waves induced by interplanetary shocks in the outer radiation belt
2009

Zong, Q G
Vortex like plasma flow structures observed by Cluster at the boundary of the outer radiation belt and ring current: A link between the inner and outer magnetosphere
2009
-
Abdu, M. A. A., E. R. de Paula, I. S. Batista, B. W. Reinisch, M. Matsuoka, P. Camargo, O. Veliz, C. M. Denardini, J. H. A. Sobral, E.A. Kherani, and P. Sequeira, Abnormal evening vertical plasma drift and effects on ESF and EIA over Brazil-South Atlantic sector during the October 30, 2003 super-storm
2008

Altadill, D., D. Arrazola, E. Blanch, and D. Buresova
Solar activity variations of ionosonde measurements modeling results
2008

Batista, I. S., M. A. Abdu, A. J. Carrasco, B. W. Reinisch, E. R. de Paula, N. J. Schuch, and F. Bertoni
Equatorial spread F and sporadic E-layer connections during the Brazilian Conjugate Point Equatorial Experiment (COPEX
2008

Bilitza, D., and B. W. Reinisch
International Reference Ionosphere 2007:  Improvements and new parameters
2008

Boardsen, S. A., J. L. Green, and B. W. Reinisch
Comparison of kilometric continuum latitudinal radiation patterns with linear mode conversion theory
2008

Cao, X., Z. Y. Pu, H. Zhang, V. M. Mishin, Z. W. Ma, M. W. Dunlop, S. Y. Fu, L. Xie, C. J. Xiao, X. G. Wang, Q.-G. Zong
Multispacecraft and ground-based observations of substorm timing and activations: Two case studies
2008

Darrouzet, F., D. L. Gallagher, N. Andre, D. L. Carpenter, I. Dandouras, P. M. E. D´ecr´eau, J. De Keyser, R. E. Denton, J. C. Foster, J. Goldstein, M. B. Moldwin, B. W. Reinisch, B. R. Sandel, and J. Tu
Plasmaspheric Density Structures and Dynamics:  Properties Observed by the CLUSTER and IMAGE Missions
2008

Echer E., A. Korth, Q.-G. Zong, M. Franz, W. D. Gonzalez, F. L. Guarnieri, S. Y. Fu, and H. Reme
Cluster observations of O + escape in the magnetotail due to shock compression effects during the initial phase of the magnetic storm on 17 August 2001
2008

Galkin, I. A. and B. W. Reinisch
The new ARTIST 5 for all digisondes
2008

Galkin, I. A., G. M. Khmyrov, A. V. Kozlov, and B. W. Reinisch
Intelligent resident archive for RPI Level 2 data, in Radio Sounding and Plasma Physics
2008

Galkin, I. A., B. W. Reinisch, and X. Huang
A tribute to the ARTIST, in Radio Sounding and Plasma Physics
2008

Galkin, I. A., G. M. Khmyrov, A. V. Kozlov, B. W. Reinisch, X. Huang, and V. V. Paznukhov
The ARTIST 5, in Radio Sounding and Plasma Physics
2008

Galkin, I. A., G. M. Khmyrov, B. W. Reinisch, and J. McElroy
The SAOXML 5: New format for ionogram-derived data, in Radio Sounding and Plasma Physics
2008

Galushko, V. G., A. S. Kascheev, V. V. Paznukhov, Yu. M. Yampolski, and B. W. Reinisch
Frequency-and-angular sounding of traveling ionospheric disturbances in the model of three-dimensional electron density waves
2008

He, J.-S., C.-Y. Tu, H. Tian, C.-J. Xiao, X.-G. Wang, Z.-Y. Pu, Z.-W. Ma, M. W. Dunlop, H. Zhao, G.-P. Zhou, J.-X. Wang, S.-Y. Fu, Z.-X. Liu, Q.-G. Zong, K.-H. Glassmeier, H. Reme, I. Dandouras, and C. P. Escoubet
A magnetic null geometry reconstructed from Cluster spacecraft observations
2008

He, J.-S., Q.-G. Zong, X.-H. Deng, C.-Y. Tu, C.-J. Xiao, X.-G. Wang, Z.-W. Ma, Z.-Y. Pu, E. Lucek, A. Pedersen, A. Fazakerley, N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, M. W. Dunlop, H. Tian, S. Yao, B. Tan, S.-Y. Fu, K.-H. Glassmeier, H. Reme, I. Dandouras, and C. P. Escoubet
Electron trapping around a magnetic null
2008

Khmyrov, G. M., I. A. Galkin, A. V. Kozlov, B. W. Reinisch, J. McElroy, and C. Dozois
Exploring digisonde ionogram data with SAO-X and DIDBase, in Radio Sounding and Plasma Physics
2008

Kouba, D., J. Boka, I. A. Galkin, O. Santolík, and P. Auli
Ionospheric drift measurements: Skymap points selection
2008

Kozlov, A. and V. V. Paznukhov
Digisonde drift analysis software, in Radio Sounding and Plasma Physics
2008

Krause, L. H., R. Balthazor, M.G. McHarg, and B.W. Reinisch
Development of a campaign to study equatorial ionospheric phenomena over Guam
2008

Lee, C. C., S. -Y. Su, and B. W. Reinisch
An upward-moving thin layer in the equatorial F region observed by a digisonde
2008

Lee, C. C. and B. W. Reinisch
Quiet-time variations of F2 layer parameters at Jicamarca and comparison with IRI-2001 during solar minimum
2008

Lei, J., W. Wang, A. G. Burns, S. C. Solomon, A. D. Richmond, M. Wiltberger, L. P. Goncharenko, A. Coster, and B. W. Reinisch
Observations and simulations of the ionospheric and thermospheric response to the December 2006 geomagnetic storm: Initial phase
2008

McNamara, Leo F.,  John M. Retterer, M.A. Abdu, Inez S. Batista, and Bodo W. Reinisch
F2 Peak parameters, drifts and spread F derived from digisonde ionograms for the COPEX campaign in Brazil
2008

Nsumei, P. A., B. W. Reinisch, P. Song, J. Tu, and X. Huang
Polar cap electron density distribution from IMAGE radio plasma imager measurements: Empirical model with the effects of solar illumination and geomagnetic activity
2008

Nsumei, P. A., P. Song, B. W. Reinisch, J. Tu, and X. Huang
Ionospheric electron upflow in the polar cap region: Derived from ISIS 2 measurements
2008

Reinisch, B. W., I. A. Galkin, G. M. Khmyrov, A. V. Kozlov, I. A. Lisysyan, K. Bibl, G. Cheney, D. Kitrosser, S. Stelmash, K. Roche, Y. Luo, V. V. Paznukhov, and R. Hamel
Advancing digisonde technology: the DPS-4D, in Radio Sounding and Plasma Physics
2008

Reinisch, B. W., V. V. Paznukhov, I. A. Galkin, D. Altadill, and J. McElroy
Precise radar range measurements with digisondes, in Radio Sounding and Plasma Physics
2008

Starks, M. J., R. A. Quinn, G. P. Ginet, J. M. Albert, G. S. Sales, B. W. Reinisch, and P. Song
Illumination of the plasmasphere by terrestrial very low frequency transmitters: Model validation
2008

Tu, J., P. Song, and B. W. Reinisch
On the concept of penetration electric field, in Radio Sounding and Plasma Physics
2008

Tu, J., P. Song, and B. W. Reinisch
Plasma sheath structures around a radio frequency antenna
2008

Vogiatzis, I. I., T. E. Sarris, E. T. Sarris, O. Santolík, I. Dandouras, P. Robert, T. A. Fritz, Q.-G. Zong, and H. Zhang
Cluster observations of particle acceleration up to supra-thermal energies in the cusp region related to low-frequency wave activity – possible implications for the substorm initiation process
2008

Wang, X., Q. Sun, R. Eastes, B. Reinisch, and C. E. Valladares
Short-term relationship of total electron content with geomagnetic activity in equatorial regions
2008

Yuan, Z. G., X. H. Deng, S. R. Zhang, W. X. Wan, and B. W. Reinisch
F-region behaviour in the SED plume during a super geomagnetic storm:  A case study, submitted
2008

Zhang, H., Q.-G. Zong, T. A. Fritz, S. Y. Fu, S. Schaefer, K. H. Glassmeier, P. W. Daly, H. Rème, and A. Balogh
Cluster observations of collisionless Hall reconnection at high-latitude magnetopause
2008

Zong, Q.-G, B. W. Reinisch, P. Song, I. Galkin, and X.J. Liu
Ionospheric Response to the Interplanetary Shock, in Radio Sounding and Plasma Physics
2008

Zong, Q.-G., H. Zhang, and T. A. Fritz
Multiple cusps during an extended northward IMF period with a significant By component
2008

Zong, Q.-G., H. Zhang, S. Y. Fu, Y. F. Wang, Z. Y. Pu, A. Korth, P. W. Daly, and T. A. Fritz
Ionospheric oxygen ions dominant bursty bulk flows: Cluster and Double Star observations
2008

Zong, Q.-G., C. P. Escoubet, Z. Y. Pu, and Z. X. Liu
Introduction to special section on Double Star-Cluster Coordinated Studies on Magnetospheric Dynamic Processes
2008
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Carpenter, D. L., T. F. Bell, D. Chen, D. N. C. Baran, B. W. Reinisch, and I. Galkin
Proton cyclotron (PC) echoes and a new resonance observed by the RPI instrument on the IMAGE satellite
2007

Gordienko, G. I., I. N. Fedulina, D. Altadill, and M. G. Shepherd
Upper ionosphere variability over Alma-Ata and Observatorio del Ebro using the fof2 data obtained during the winter/spring period of 2003-2004
2007

Lee, C. C. and B. W. Reinisch
Quiet-condition variations in the scale height at F2-layer peak at Jicamarca during solar minimum and maximum
2007

Lui, A. T. Y., M. W. Dunlop, H. Rème, L. M. Kistler, G. Gustafsson, Q.-G. Zong
Internal structure of a magnetic flux rope from Cluster observations
2007

McNamara, L. F., D. L. Cooke, C. E. Valladares, and B. W. Reinisch
Comparison of CHAMP and Digisonde plasma frequencies Jicamarca, Peru
2007

Osherovich, V. A., R. F. Benson, J. Fainberg, J. L. Green, L. Garcia, S. Boardsen, N. Tsyganenko, and B. W. ReinischEnhanced high-altitude polar-cap plasma and magnetic-field values in response to the interplanetary magnetic cloud that caused the great storm of 31 March 2001: A case study for a new magnetospheric index
2007

Paznukhov, V. V., B. W. Reinisch, P. Song, X. Huang, T. W. Bullett and O. Veliz
Formation of an F3 layer in the equatorial ionosphere: A result from strong IMF changes
2007

Reinisch, B., D. Bilitza, and D. Altadill (Ed.)
New satellite and ground data for IRI and comparison with regional Models
2007

Reinisch, B. W., P. Nsumei, X. Huang, and D. K. Bilitza
Modeling the F2 topside and plasmasphere for IRI using IMAGE/RPI, and ISIS data
2007

Song, P., B. W. Reinisch, V. Paznukhov, G. Sales, D. Cooke, J.-N. Tu, X. Huang, K. Bibl, and I. Galkin
High-voltage antenna-plasma interaction in whistler wave transmission: Plasma sheath effects
2007

Triskova, L., I. Galkin, V. Truhlik and B.W. Reinisch
Application of seamless vertical profiles for use in the topside electron density modeling
2007

Tu, J., P. Song, B. W. Reinisch, and J. L. Green
Smooth electron density transition from plasmasphere to the subauroral region
2007

Tu, J.-N., M. Dhar, P. Song, B. W. Reinisch, J. L. Green, R. F. Benson, and A. J. Coster
Extreme polar cap density enhancements along magnetic field lines during an intense geomagnetic storm
2007

Wang, J., M. W. Dunlop, Z. Y. Pu, X. Z. Zhou, X. G. Zhang, Y. Wei, S. Y. Fu, C. J. Xiao, A. Fazakerley, H. Laakso, M. G. G. T. Taylor,  Y. Bogdanova, F. Pitout, J. Davies, Q. G. Zong, C. Shen, Z. X. Liu, C. Carr,  C. Perry, H. Rème, I. Dandouras, P. Escoubet, C. J. Owen
TC1 and Cluster observation of an FTE on 4 January 2005: A close conjunction
2007

Wang, X., R. Eastes, B. W. Reinisch, S. Bailey, C. E. Valladares, T. Woods
Short-term relationship between solar irradiances and equatorial peak electron densities
2007

Xiao, C. J., Z. Y. Pu, X. G. Wang, Z. W. Ma, S. Y. Fu, T. D. Phan, Q. G. Zong, Z. X. Liu, M. W. Dunlop, K.-H. Glassmeier, A. Balogh, H. Reme, I. Dandouras, C. P. Escoubet
A Cluster measurement of fast magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail
2007

Zhang, H., M. W. Dunlop, Q.-G. Zong, T. A. Fritz, A. Balogh, and Y. Wang
Geometry of the high-latitude magnetopause as observed by Cluster
2007

Zhang, H., Z. Y. Pu, X. Cao, S. Y. Fu, Z. X. Liu, Z. W. Ma, M. W. Dunlop, W. Baumjohann, C. J. Xiao, M. H. Hong, J. B. Cao, Q. G. Zong, X. G. Wang, C. Carr, H. A. Rème. I. Dandouras. A. Fazakerley, H. U. Frey, C. P. Escoubet
TC-1 observations of flux pileup and dipolarization-associated expansion in the near-Earth magnetotail during substorms
2007

Zhou, X. Y., Z. Y. Pu, Q.-G. Zong, and L. Xie
Energy filter effect for solar wind particle entry to the plasma sheet via flank regions during southward IMF
2007

Zong, Q.-G., X.-Z. Zhou, X. Li, P. Song, S. Y. Fu, D. N. Baker, Z. Y. Pu, T. A. Fritz, P. Daly, A. Balogh, and H. Réme
Correction to Ultralow frequency modulation of energetic particles in the dayside magnetosphere
2007

Zong, Q.-G., S. Y. Fu, D. N. Baker, M. L. Goldstein, P. Song, J. A. Slavin, T. A. Fritz, J. B. Cao, O. Amm, H. Frey, A. Korth, P. W. Daly, H. Reme, and A. Pedersen Earthward flowing plasmoid: Structure and its related ionospheric signature
2007

Zong, Q. G., X.-Z. Zhou, X. Li, P. Song, S. Y. Fu, D. N. Baker, Z. Y. Pu, T. A. Fritz, P. Daly, A. Balogh, and H. Reme
Ultra-low frequency modulation of energetic particles in the dayside magnetosphere
2007
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Abdu, M. A., T. K. Ramkumar, I. S. Batista, C. G. M. Brum, H. Takahashi, B. W. Reinisch, and J. H.A. Sobral
Planetary wave signatures in the equatorial atmosphere-ionosphere system, and mesosphere- E- and F- region coupling
2006

Abdu, M. A., P. P. Batista, I. S. Batista, C. G. M. Brum, A. J. Carrasco, and B. W. Reinisch
Planetary wave oscillations in mesospheric winds, equatorial evening prereversal electric field and spread F
2006

Abdu, M. A., I. S. Batista, B. W. Reinisch, J. H. A. Sobral, and A. J. Carrasco
Equatorial F-region evening vertical drift, and peak height, during southern winter months:  A comparison of observational data with the IRI descriptions
2006

Benson, R. F., P. A. Webb, J. L. Green, D. L. Carpenter, V. S. Sonwalkar, H. G. James, and B. W. Reinisch
Active wave experiments in space plasmas: The Z Mode, Geospace Electromagnetic Waves and Radiation
2006

Bertoni, F., I. S. Batista, M. A. Abdu, B. W. Reinisch, and E. A. Kherani
A Comparison of ionospheric drift velocities measured by digisonde and incoherent scatter radar at the magnetic equator
2006

Bertoni, F., I. S. Batista, M. A. Abdu, B. W. Reinisch, and E. A. Kherani
Erratum to “A comparison of ionospheric vertical drift velocities measured by digisonde and incoherent scatter radar at the magnetic equator”
2006

Bilitza, D., B. W. Reinisch, S. Radicella, S. Pulinets, T. Gulyaeva, and L. Triskova
Improvements of the International Reference Ionosphere model for the topside electron density profile
2006

Bilitza, D. and B. Reinisch
Advances in specifying plasma temperatures and ion composition in the ionosphere
2006

Chen, W. S., C. C. Lee, J. Y Liu, F. D. Chu, and B. W. Reinisch
Digisonde spread F and GPS phase fluctuations in the equatorial ionosphere during solar maximum
2006

Denton, R. E., K. Takahashi, I. A. Galkin, P. A. Nsumei, X. Huang, B. W. Reinisch, R. R. Anderson, M. K. Sleeper, and W. J. Hughes
The distribution of density along magnetospheric field lines
2006

Djuth, F. T., B. W. Reinisch, D. F. Kitrosser, J. H. Elder, A. Lee Snyder, and G. S. Sales
Imaging HF-Induced irregularities above HAARP
2006

Duan, S. P., Z. X. Liu, J. B. Cao, J. K. Shi, L. Lu, Z. Y. Li, Q.-G. Zong, H. Reme, N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, A. Balogh, and M. Andre
Analysis of the interaction between low-frequency waves and ions in the high-altitude cusp region observed by satellite cluster
2006

Garcia, L. N., J. L. Green, S. A. Boardsen, S. F. Fung, and B. W. Reinisch
Auroral kilometric radiation source region variations with season and solar cycle, in Planetary Radio Emissions VI
2006

Galkin, I. A., G. M. Khmyrov, A. Kozlov, B. W. Reinisch, X. Huang, D. F. Kitrosser
Ionosonde networking, databasing, and web serving
2006

Huang, X. and B. W. Reinisch
Real time HF raytracing through a tilted ionosphere
2006

Lee, C. C. and B. W. Reinisch
Quiet-condition hmF2, NmF2, and B0 variations at Jicamarca and comparison with IRI-2001during solar maximum
2006

Li, Xinlin, D. N. Baker, T. P. O'Brien, L. Xie, Q.-G. Zong
Correlation between the inner edge of outer radiation belt electrons and the innermost plasmapause location
2006

Lin, N. E. S. Lee, J. McFadden, G. Parks, M. Wilber, M. Maksimovic, N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, A. Fazakarley, E. Lucek, H. Reme, O. Santolik, and Q.-G. Zong
VLF/EFF wave activity in the vicinity of the polar cusp
2006

Mendillo, M., P. Withers, D. Hinson, H. Rishbeth, and B. W. Reinisch
Effects of solar flares upon the ionosphere of Mars
2006

Tu, J., P. Song, B. W. Reinisch, J. L. Green, and X. Huang
Empirical specification of field-aligned plasma density profiles for plasmasphere refilling
2006

Vogiatzis I. I., T. A. Fritz, Q.-G. Zong, and E. T. Sarris
Two distinct energetic electron populations of different origin in the Earth's magnetotail
2006

Xiao, C. J., X. G. Wang, Z. Y. Pu, H. Zhao, J. X. Wang, Z. W. Ma, S. Y. Fu, M. G. Kivelson, Z. X. Liu, Q. G. Zong, K. H. Glassmeier, A. Badogh, A. Korth, H. Reme, and C. P. Escoube
In situ evidence for the structure of the magnetic null in a 3D reconnection event in the Earth’s magnetotail
2006

Xie, L., Z. Y. Pu, X. Z. Zhou, S. Y. Fu, Q.-G. Zong, and M. H. Hong
Energetic ion injection and formation of the storm-time symmetric ring current
2006

Zeng, W., J. L. Horwitz, and J.-N. Tu
Characteristic ion distributions in the dynamic auroral transition region
2006

Zhang, M.-L., B. W. Reinisch, J.-K. Shi, S.-Z. Wu and X. Wang
Diurnal and seasonal variation of the ionogram-derived scale height at the F2 peak
2006

Zhou, X.-Z., Q.-Z. Zong, Z. Y. Pu, T. A. Fritz, M. W. Dunlop, Q. Q. Shi, J. Wang, and Y. Wei
Multiple Triangulation Analysis:  another approach to determine the orientation of magnetic flux rope
2006

Zhou, X.-Z., T. A. Fritz, Q.-G. Zong, Z. Y. Pu, Y.-Q. Hao, and J.-B. Cao
The cusp: a window for particle exchange between the radiation belt and the solar wind
2006

Zhou, X.-Z., Q.-G. Zong, J. Wang, Z. Y. Pu, X. G. Zhang, Q. Q. Shi, and J. B. Cao
Multiple triangulation analysis: application to determine the velocity of 2-D structures
2006

Zong, Q.-G., T. A. Fritz, H. Zhang, S. Y. Fu, X. Z. Zhou, M. L. Goldstein, P. W. Daly, H. Reme, A. Balogh, and A. N. Frazakerley
The magnetospheric cusp: Structure and dynamics
2006
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Bernhardt, P. A., P. J. Erickson, F. D. Lind, J. C. Foster, and B. W. Reinisch
Artificial disturbances of the ionosphere over the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar during dedicated burns of the space shuttle OMS engines
2005

Fung, S. F., and J. L. Green
Modeling of field-aligned radio echoes in  the plasmasphere
2005

Galkin, I. A., G. M. Khmyrov, A. Kozlov, B. W. Reinisch, J. C. Tilton, S. F. Fung, and A. Plaza
A pre-attentive vision model for data prospecting
2005

Green, J. L., S. Boardsen, L. Garcia, W. W. L. Taylor, S. F. Fung, and B. W. Reinisch
On the origin of whistler mode radiation in the plasmasphere
2005

Lee, C.-C., and B. W. Reinisch
Quiet-condition variations in the scale height at F2-layer peak at Jicamarca during solar minimum and maximum
2007

Lee, C.-C., S-Y Su, and B. W. Reinisch
Concurrent study of bottomside spread F and bubble using digisonde and ROCSAT-1 in the equatorial ionosphere during solar maximum
2005

Lee, C. C., J. Y. Liu, B. W. Reinisch, W. S. Chen, and F. D. Chu
The effects of the pre-reversal ExB drift, EIA asymmetry, and magnetic activity on the equatorial spread F during solar maximum
2005

Reinisch, B. W.
Space-borne observations for short-term earthquake predictions
2005

Reinisch, B. W., X. Huang, I. A. Galkin, V. Paznukhov, and A. Kozlov
Recent advances in real-time analysis of ionograms and ionospheric drift measurements with digisondes
2005

Savin, S., A. Skalsky, L. Zelenyi, L. Avanov, N. Borodkova, S. Klimov, V. Lutsenko, E. Panov, S. Romanov, V. Smirnov, Yu. Yermolaev, P. Song, E. Amata, G. Consolini, T. A. Fritz, J. Cuechner, B. Nikutowski, J. Blecki, C. Farrugia, N. Maynard, J. Pickett, J. A. Sauvaud, J. L. Rauch, J. G. Trotignon, Y. Khotyaintsev, and K. Stasiewicz, Magnetosheath interaction with the high latitude magnetopause
2005

Song, P., V. M. Vasyliunas, and L. Ma
A three-fluid model of solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere- thermosphere coupling, in Multiscale Coupling of Sun-Earth Processes
2005

Song, P., C. T. Russell, J. T. Gosling, M. F. Thomsen, and R. C. Elphic
Comment on “Steady state slow shock inside the Earth’s magnetosheath: To be or not to be.
1.The original observation revisited” by Hubert and Samsonov
2005

Song, P., V. M. Vasyliunas, and L. Ma
Solar-wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling:  Neutral atmosphere effects on signal propagation
2005

Tu, J.-N., P. Song, B. W. Reinisch, X. Huang, J. L. Green, H. U. Frey, and P. H. Reiff
Electron density images of the middle and high latitude magnetosphere in response to the solar wind
2005

Vasyliunas, V. M. and P. Song
Meaning of Ionospheric Joule Heating
2005
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Abdu, M. A., I. S. Batista, B. W. Reinisch, and A. J. Carrasco
Equatorial F-layer heights, evening prereversal electric field, and night E layer density in the American sector: IRI validation with observations
2004

Anderson, D. B. Reinisch, C. Valladare, J. Chau, and O. Veliz
Forecasting the occurrence of ionospheric scintillation activity in the equatorial ionosphere on a day-to-day bases
2004

Belehaki, A., B. W. Reinisch, and N. Jakowski
Plasmaspheric electron content derived from GPS TEC and digisonde ionograms
2004

Benson, R. F., P. A. Webb, J. L. Green, L. Garcia, and B. W. Reinisch
Magnetospheric electron densities inferred from upper-hybrid band emissions
2004

Bibl, K.,
Sixty years of ionospheric measurements and studies
2004

Bilitza, D., X. Huang, B W. Reinisch, R. F. Benson, H. K. Hills, and W. B. Schar
Topside ionogram scaler with true height algorithm (TOPIST): Automated processing of ISIS topside ionograms
2004

Bradley, P. A. and B. W. Reinisch
Impact of COST 271
2004

Galkin, I. A., B. W. Reinisch, X. Huang, R. F. Benson, and S. F. Fung
Automated diagnostics for resonance signature recognition on IMAGE/RPI plasmagrams
2004

Galkin, I., B. W. Reinisch, G. Grinstein, G. Khmyrov, A. Kozlov, X. Huang, and S. F. Fung
Automated exploration of the radio plasma imager data
2004

Galkin, I. A., G. M. Khmyrov, B. W. Reinisch, J. C. Tilton, and S. F. Fung
Processing radio plasma imager plasmagrams utilizing hierarchical segmentation
2004

Green, J. L., S. Boardsen, L. Garcia, S. F. Fung, and B. W. Reinisch
Seasonal and solar cycle dynamics of the AKR source region
2004

Green, J. L. , S. Boardsen, S. F. Fung, H. Matsumoto, K. Hashimoto, R. R. Anderson, B. R. Sandel, and B. W. Reinisch
Association of kilometric continuum radiation with plasmaspheric structures
2004

Green, J. L., T. Markus, S. F. Fung, R. F. Benson, B. W. Reinisch, P. Song, S. P. Gogineni, J. F. Cooper, W. W. L. Taylor, L. Garcia, and D. L. Gallagher
Radio sounding science at high powers, Proceedings from the 55th International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
2004

Huang, X., B. W. Reinisch, P. Song, P. Nsumei, J. L. Green, and D. L. Gallagher
Developing an empirical density model of the plasmasphere using IMAGE/RPI observations
2004

Markus, T., L. L. Green, J. F. Cooper, S. F. Fung, W. W. L. Taylor, R. F. Benson, S. P. Gogineni, V. C. Ramasami, B. W. Reinisch, and P. Song
Ground penetrating radar simulations for jupiter's icy moons
2004

Reinisch, B. W., X. Huang, P. Song, J. L. Green, S. F. Fung, V. M. Vasyliunas, D. L.Gallagher, and B. R. Sandel
Plasmaspheric mass loss and refilling as a result of a magnetic storm
2004

Reinisch, B. W., X. Huang, A. Belehaki, J. Shi, M. L. Zhang, and R. Ilma
Modeling the IRI topside profile using scale heights from ground-based ionosonde measurements
2004

Reinisch, B. W.
Karl Rawer’s life and scientific achievements
2004

Reinisch, B. W., I. A. Galkin, G. Khmyrov, A. Kozlov, and D. F. Kitrosser
Automated collection and dissemination of ionospheric data from the digisonde network
2004

Reinisch, B. W., Huang X., A. Belehaki, and R. Ilma
Using scale heights derived from bottomside ionograms for modeling the IRI topside profile
2004

Reinisch, B. W.
Tenth international digisonde training seminar at UMass Lowell Reviews state of real time mapping of the ionosphere
2004

Reinisch, B. W., M. Abdu, I. Batista, G. S. Sales, G. Khmyrov, T. A. Bullett, J. Chau, and V. Rios
Multistation digisonde observations of equatorial spread F in south America
2004

Savin, S. P., L. M. Zelenyi, E. Amata, J. Buechner, J. Blecki, S. I. Klimov, B. Nikutowski, J. L. Rauch, S. A. Romanov, A. A. Skalsky, V. N. Smirnov, P. Song, and K. Stasiewicz, JETP Lett., 79
2004

Song, P., B. W. Reinisch, and X. Huang
Magnetospheric active wave measurements
2004

Sonwalkar, V. S.
Diagnostics of magnetospheric electron density and irregularities at altitudes <5000 km using whistler and Z mode echoes from radio sounding on the IMAGE satellite
2004

Tu, J.-N., J. L. Horwitz, P. A. Nsumei, P. Song, X. Huang, and B. W. Reinisch
Simulation of polar cap field-aligned electron density profiles measured with IMAGE radio plasma imanger
2004
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Belehaki, A. N. Jakowski, and B. W. Reinisch
Comparison of ionospheric ionization measurements over Athens using ground ionosonde and GPS derived TEC values
2003

Benson, R. F., V. A. Osherovich, J. Fainberg, and B. W. Reinisch
Classification of IMAGE/RPI-stimulated plasma resonances for the accurate determination of magnetospheric electron-density and magnetic field values
2003

Bilitza, D., B. W. Reinisch, R. Benson, J. Grebowsky, N. Papitashvili, X. Huang, W. Schar and K. K. Hills
Online data base of satellite sounder and insitu measurements covering two solar cycles
2003

Carpenter, D. L., T. F. Bell, U. S. Inan, R. F. Benson, V. S. Sonwalkar, B. W. Reinisch, and D. L. Gallagher
Z-mode sounding within propagation "cavities" and other inner magnetospheric regions by the RPI instrument on the IMAGE satellite
2003

Clilverd, M. A., F. W. Menk, G. Milinevski, B. R. Sandel, J. Goldstein, B. W. Reinisch, C. R. Wilford, M. C. Rose, N. R. Thomson, K. H. Yearby, G. J. Bailey, I. R. Mann, and D. L. Carpenter
In situ and ground-based intercalibration measurements of plasma density at L = 2.5
2003

Cummer, S.A., J. L. Green, B. W. Reinisch, S. F. Fung, M. L. Kaiser, J. S. Pickett, I. Christopher, R. Mutel, D. A. Gurnett, and C. P. Escoubet
Advances in magnetospheric radio wave analysis and tomography
2003

Fung, S. F., R. F. Benson, D. L. Carpenter, J. L. Green, V. Jayanti, I. A.  Galkin, and B. W. Reinisch
Guided echoes in the magnetosphere:  Observations by Radio Plasma Imager on IMAGE
2003

Galushko, V. G., V. S. Beley, A.V. Koloskov, Y. M.Yampolski, V. V. Paznukhov, B. W. Reinisch, J. Foster, and P. Erickson
Frequency-and-angular HF sounding and ISR diagnostics of TIDs
2003

Garcia, L. N., S. F. Fung, J. L. Green, S. Boardsen, B. R. Sandel, and B. W. Reinisch
Comparison of IMAGE RPI and EUV observations of plasma density structures outside of the plasmasphere
2003

Goldstein, J., M. Spasojevic, P. H. Reiff, B. R. Sandel, W. T. Forrester, D. L. Gallagher, and B. W. Reinisch
Identifying the plasmapause in IMAGE EUV data using IMAGE RPI in situ steep density gradients
2003

Green, J. L. and B. W. Reinisch
An overview of results from RPI
2003

Huang, C. S., J. C. Foster, G. D. Reeves, J. Watermann, J. H. Sastri, K. Yumoto, and P. Song,
Global magnetospheric-ionospheric oscillations initiated by a solar wind pressure impulse
2003

Nsumei, P. A., X. Huang, B. W. Reinisch, P. Song, V. M. Vasyliunas, J. L. Green, S. F. Fung, R. F. Benson, and D. L. Gallagher
Electron density distribution over the northern polar region deduced from IMAGE/RPI sounding
2003

Song, P., C. T. Russell, T. I. Gombosi, and D. L. DeZeeuw
A Model of the formation of the low-latitude boundary layer for northward IMF by reconnection: A summary and review
2003

Spasojevic, M., J. Goldstein, D. L. Carpenter, U. S. Inan, B. R. Sandel, M. B. Moldwin, and B. W. Reinisch
Global response of the plasmasphere to a geomagnetic disturbance
2003

Tu, J.-N., J. Horwitz, P. Song, X. Huang, B. Reinisch, and P. Richards
Simulating plasmaspheric field-aligned density profiles measured with IMAGE/RPI: Effects of ion heating and refilling
 2003
-
Carpenter, D. L., M. Spasojevic, T. F. Bell, U. S. Inan, B. W. Reinisch, I. A. Galkin, R. F. Benson, J. L. Green, S. F. Fung, and S. A. Boardsen
Small-scale field-aligned plasmaspheric density structures inferred from RPI on IMAGE
2002

Dubinin, E., A. Skalsky, P. Song, S. Savin, J. U. Kozyra, T. E. Moore, C. T. Russell, M. O.Chandler, A. Fedorov, L. Avanov,  J.-A. Savaud, and R. H. W. Friedel
Polar-Interball coordinated observations of plasma characteristics in the regions of the northern and southern distant cusps
2002

Fesen, C. G., D. L. Hysell, J. W. Meriwether, M. Mendillo, B. G. Fejer, R. G. Roble, B. W. Reinisch, and M. A. Biondi
Modeling the low latitude atmosphere and ionosphere
2002

Fung, S. F., R. F. Benson, J. L. Green, B. W. Reinisch, D. M. Haines, I. A. Galkin, J.-L. Bougeret, R. Manning, P. H. Reiff, D. L. Carpenter, D. L. Gallagher, and W. W. L. Taylor
Observations of magnetospheric plasmas by the Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) on the IMAGE mission
2002

Green, J. L., B. R. Sandel, S. F. Fung, D. L. Gallagher, and B. W. Reinisch
On the origin of kilometric continuum
2002

Gulyaeva, T. L., X. Huang, and B. W. Reinisch
Plasmaspheric extensions of topside electron density profiles
2002

Gulyaeva, T. L., X. Huang, and B. W. Reinisch
Ionosphere-plasmasphere model software for ISO
2002

Henize, V. K., P. H. Reiff, B. W. Reinisch, S. F. Fung, J. L. Green, and J. Goldstein
Magnetospheric cusp observations using the IMAGE satellite Radio Plasma Imager
2002

Huang, C. S., J. C. Foster, P. Song, G. J. Sofko, L. A. Frank, and W. R. Paterson
Geotail observations of magnetospheric midtail during an extended period of strongly northward interplanetary magnetic field
2002

Huang, X., B. W. Reinisch, D. Bilitza, and R. F. Benson
Electron density profiles of the topside ionosphere
2002

Lee, C. C., J. Y. Liu, B. W. Reinisch, Y. Lee, and L. Liu
The Propagation of traveling atmospheric disturbances observed during the April 6-7, 2000 ionospheric storm
2002

Savin S., L. M. Zelenyi, N. C. Maynard, I. Sandahl, H. Kawano, C. T. Russell, S. Romanov, J. Blecki, S. Klimov, E. Amata, G. Consolini, F. Marcucci, Z. Nemecek, B. Nikutowski, J. Picket, J. Rauch, V. Romanov, J. Safrankova, A. Skalsky, K. Stasiewicz, P. Song, and Y. Yermolaev
Multi-spacecraft tracing of turbulent boundary layer
2002

Savin, S., J. Buchner, G. Consolini, B. Nikutowski, L. Zelenyi, E. Amata, H. Auster, J. Blecki, E. Dubinin, K. Fornacon, H. Kawano, S. Klimov, F. Marcucci, Z. Nemecek, A. Pedersen, J. Rauch, S. Romanov, J. Safrankova, J. Sauvaud, A. Skalsky, P. Song, and Y. Yermolaev
On the properties of turbulent boundary layer over polar cusps
2002

Shue, J.-H. and P. Song
The location and shape of the magnetopause
2002

Song, P. and C. T. Russell
Flow in the magnetosheath: The legacy of John Spreiter
2002

Song, P. and V. M. Vasyliunas
Solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling: Signal arrival time and perturbation relations
2002

Stephan, A. W., M. Colerico, M. Mendillo, B. W. Reinisch, and D. Anderson
Suppression of equatorial spread F by sporadic E
2002

Yang, Y.-H., J. K. Chao, C. H. Lin, J.-H Shue, X.-Y. Wang, P. Song, C. T. Russell, R. P. Lepping, and A. J. Lazarus
Comparison of three magnetopause prediction models under extreme solar wind conditions
2002
 -
Burch, J. L., S. B. Mende, D. G. Mitchell, T. E. Moore, C. J. Pollock, B. W. Reinisch, B. R. Sandel, S. A. Fuselier, D. L. Gallagher, J. L. Green, J. D. Perez, and P. H . Reiff
Views of the Earth’s magnetosphere with the IMAGE satellite
2001

Cummer, S. A., M. J. Reiner, B. W. Reinisch, M. L. Kaiser, J. L. Green, R. F. Benson, and R. Manning, and K. Goetz
A test of  magnetospheric radio tomographic imaging with IMAGE and WIND
2001

Gombosi, T. I., D. L. DeZeeuw, C. P. Groth, K. G. Powell, C. R. Clauer, and P. Song
From Sun to Earth:  Multiscale MHD simulations of space weather
2001

Huang, X. and B. W. Reinisch
Vertical electron content from ionograms in real time
2001

Huang, X., B. W. Reinisch, and D. Bilitza
IRI in Windows environment
2001

Johnson, J. R., C. Z. Cheng, and P. Song
Signatures of mode conversion and kinetic Alfven waves at the magnetopause
2001

Reinisch, B. W., D. M. Haines, G. S. Sales, R. F. Benson, J. L. Green, and W. W. L. Taylor
Radio sounding in space: magnetosphere and topside ionosphere
2001

Reinisch, B.W. and X. Huang
Deducing topside profiles and total electron content from bottomside ionograms
2001

Reinisch, B. W., X. Huang, D. M. Haines, I. A. Galkin, J. L. Green, R. F. Benson, S. F. Fung, W. W. L. Taylor, P. H. Reiff, D. L. Gallagher, J.-L. Bougeret, R. Manning, D. L. Carpenter, and S. A. Boardsen
First results from the Radio Plasma Imager on IMAGE
2001

Reinisch, B. W., X. Huang, P. Song, G. S. Sales, S. F. Fung, J. L.Green, D. L. Gallagher, and V. M. Vasyliunas
Plasma density distribution along the magnetospheric field: RPI observations from IMAGE
2001

Shue, J.-H., P. Song, C. T. Russell, M. F. Thomsen, and S. M. Pentrine
Dependence of magnetopause erosion on southward IMF
2001

Song, P., J. U. Kozyra, M. Chandler, C. T. Russell, W. K. Peterson, K. Trattner, R. Freidel, J.-H. Shue, T. Moore,  K. W. Ogilvie, R. Lepping, and D. McComas
POLAR observations and model prediction during May 4, 1998, magnetopause, magnetosheath, and bow shock crossings
2001

Song, P., T. I. Gombosi, and A. Ridley
Three-fluid Ohm’s law
2001

Song, P.
Model predictions of magnetosheath conditions
2001

Song, P., D. L. DeZeeuw, T. I. Gombosi, J. U. Kozyra, and K. G. Powell
Global MHD simulations for southward IMF: A pair of wings in the flanks
2001

Wang, W., T. L. Killeen, A. G. Burns, and B. W. Reinisch
A real-time model-observation comparison of F2 peak electron densities during the Upper Atmospheric Research Collaboratory Campaign of October 1997
2001
 -
Bilitza, D., S. M. Radicella, B. W. Reinisch, I. O. Adeniyi, M. M. Gonzales, S. R. Zhang, and O. Obrou
New B0 and B1 models for IRI
2000

Crowley, G., A. J. Ridley, D. Deist, S. Wing, D. J. Knipp, B. A. Emery, J. Foster, R. Heelis, M. Hairston, and B. W. Reinisch
Transformation of high-latitude ionospheric F-region patches into blobs during the March 21, 1990 storm
2000

Fedorov, A., E. Dubinin, P. Song, A. Skalsky, E. Budnick, P. Larson, and J-A. Sauvaud
Plasma characteristics of high altitude cusp for steady southward-dawnward IMF
2000

Fung, S. F., R. F. Benson, D. L. Carpenter, B. W. Reinisch, and D. L. Gallagher
Investigations of irregularities in remote plasma regions by radio sounding: Applications of the Radio Plasma Imager on IMAGE
2000

Green, J. L, R. F. Benson, S. F. Fung, W. W. L. Taylor, S. A. Boardsen, and B. W. Reinisch
Radio imaging in the Earth’s magnetosphere, in Radio Astronomy at Long Wavelengths
2000

Green, J. L., R. F. Benson, S. F. Fung, W. W. L. Taylor, S. A. Boardsen, B. W. Reinisch, D. M. Haines, K. Bibl, G. Cheney,  I. A Galkin, X. Huang, S. H. Myers, G. S. Sales, J.-L. Bougeret, R. Manning, N. Meyer-Vernet, M. Moncuquet, D. L. Carpenter, D. L. Gallagher, and P. H. Reiff
Radio Plasma Imager simulations and measurements
2000

Huang, X. and B. W. Reinisch
Multiple quasi-parabolic presentation of the IRI profile
2000

Igarashi, K., J. L. Scali, H. Minakoshi, and B. W. Reinisch
Pacific region equatorial anomaly studies in Asia (PREASA): Part 1 Introduction and overview of the program
2000

Reinisch, B.W., D. M. Haines, I. A. Galkin, J. L. Green, R. F. Benson, W. W. L. Taylor, and J. L. Burch
The IMAGE mission and first observations from the radio plasma imager
2000

Reinisch, B. W., D. M. Haines, I. A. Galkin, X. Huang, G. Sales, J. L. Green, R. F. Benson, S. F. Fung, W. W. L. Taylor, J. L. Bougeret, R. Manning, P. H. Reiff, D. L. Carpenter, and D. L. Gallagher
First magnetospheric echo traces from the Radio Plasma Imager on IMAGE
2000

Reinisch, B. W. and X. Huang
Redefining the IRI F1 layer profile
2000

Reinisch, B. W., D. M. Haines, K. Bibl, G. Cheney, I. A. Galkin, X. Huang, S. H. Myers, G. S. Sales, R. F. Benson, S. F. Fung,  J. L. Green, S. Boardsen, W. W. L. Taylor, J.-L. Bougeret, R. Manning, N. Meyer-Vernet, M. Moncuquet, D. L. Carpenter, D. L. Gallagher, and P. H. Reiff
The Radio Plasma Imager investigation on the IMAGE spacecraft
2000

Reinisch, B. W.
Radio Sounding of geospace plasmas
2000

Richards, P. G., M. J. Buonsanto, B. W. Reinisch, J. Holt, J. A. Fennelly, J. L. Scali, R. H. Comfort, G. A. Germany, J. Spann,  M. Brittnacher, F. K. Parks, and M.-C. Fok
On the relative importance of convection and temperature on the behavior of the ionosphere in North America during Jan, 6-12, 1997
2000

Sales, G. S., B. W. Reinisch, V. Paznukhov, and D. L. Hysell
Equatorial bubble development and the source of satellite scintillations
2000
 -
Aarons, J., M. Mendillo, B. Lin, M. Colerico, T. Beach, P. Kintner, J. Scali, B. Reinisch, G. Sales, and E. Kudeki
Equatorial F region irregularity morphology during an equinoctial month at solar minimum
1999

Anderson, D. N., M. J. Buonsanto, M. Codrescu, D. Decker, C. G. Fesen, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, B. W. Reinisch, P. G. Richards, R. G. Roble, R. W. Schunk, and J. J. Sojka,
Intercomparison of physical models and observations of the ionosphere
1998

Benson, R. F., B. W. Reinisch, J. L. Green, S. F. Fung, D. L. Gallagher, W. Calvert, D. M. Haines, P. H. Reiff, J.-L. Bougeret, R. Manning, W. W. L. Taylor, and D. L. Carpenter
Magnetospheric radio sounding on the IMAGE mission
1998

Bibl, K
 Evolution of the ionosonde
1998

Buonsanto, M. J., S. A. Gonzalez, G. Lu, B. W. Reinisch, and J. P. Thayer
Coordinated incoherent scatter radar study of the  January, 1997 Storm
1999

Galkin, I. A., D. F. Kitrosser, Z. Kecic, and B. W Reinisch
Internet access to ionosondes
1999

Huang, X. and B. W. Reinisch
Multiple quasi-parabolic presentation of the IRI profile
1999

Galushko, V. G., V. V. Paznukhov, Y. M. Yampolski, and J. C. Foster
Incoherent scatter radar observations of the AGW/TID events generated by moving solar terminator
1998

Green, J. L., W. W. L. Taylor, S. F. Fung, R. F. Benson, W. Calvert, B. Reinisch, D. L. Gallagher, and P. H. Reiff
Radio remote sensing of magnetospheric plasmas, in Measurement Techniques in Space Plasmas: Fields
1998

Reinisch, B. W. and X. Huang
Redefining the IRI F1 layer profile
1999

Reinisch, B. W., G. S. Sales, D. M. Haines, S. F. Fung, and W. W. L. Taylor
Radio wave active Doppler imaging of space plasma  structures: Arrival angle, wave polarization, and Faraday rotation measurements with the radio plasma imager
1999

Reinisch, B. W. and X. Huang
Finding better B0 and B1 parameters for the IRI F2-profile function
1998

Reinisch, B. W., J. L. Scali, and D. M. Haines
Ionospheric drift measurements with ionosondes
1998

Reinisch, B. W.
"CHARS": URSI IIWG format for archiving monthly ionospheric characteristics
1998

Reinisch, B. W.
SAO (Standard ADEP Output) format for ionogram scaled data archiving
1998

Radicella, S. M., D. Bilitza, B. W. Reinisch, J. O. Adeniyi, M. E. Mosert-Gonzalez, B. Zolesi, M. L. Zhang, and S. R. Zhang
IRI task force activity at ICTP: Proposed improvements for the IRI region below the F peak
1998

Valladares, C. E., R. Sheehan, D. T. Decker, D. N. Anderson, T. Bullett, and B. W. Reinisch
Formation of polar cap patches with north-to-south transitions of the interplanetary magnetic field
1998
-
Calvert, W., R. F. Benson, D. L. Carpenter, S. F. Fung, D. L. Gallagher, J. L. Green, D. M. Haines, P. H. Reiff, B. W. Reinisch, M. F. Smith, and W. W. L. Taylor
Reply to Greenward
1997

Colerico, M., M. Mendillo, D. Nottingham, J. Baumgardner, J. Meriwether, J. Mirick, B. W. Reinisch, J. L. Scali, C. G. Fesen, and M. A. Biondi
Coordinated measurements of F region dynamics related to the thermospheric midnight temperature maximum
1996

Galkin, I. A., B. W. Reinisch, G. A. Osokov, E. G. Zazobina, and S. P. Neshyba
Feedback neural networks for ARTIST ionogram  processing
1996

Haines, D.M., B. W. Reinisch, and G. P. Cheney
Simultaneous oblique sounding with Doppler analysis and LPI communications using digital ionosondes
1997

Huang, X. and B. W. Reinisch, Vertical electron density profiles from the digisonde network
1996

Huang, X. and B. W. Reinisch
Vertical electron density profiles from digisonde ionograms
1996

Huang, X., B. W. Reinisch, and W. S. Kuklinski
Mid-point electron density profiles from oblique ionograms
1996

Miller, C. A., W. E. Swarts, M. C. Kelley, M. Mendillo, D. Nottingham, J. L. Scali, and B. W. Reinisch
Electrodynamic of midlatitude spread F, 1, Observations of unstable, gravity wave-induced ionospheric electric fields at tropical latitudes
1997

Mendillo, M., J. Baumgardner, D. Nottingham, J. Aarons, B. W. Reinisch, J. L. Scali, and M. Kelley
Investigations of  thermospheric-ionospheric dynamics with 6300-Å images from the Arecibo Observatory
1997

Reinisch, B. W., D. M. Haines, K. Bibl, I. A. Galkin, X. Huang, D. F. Kitrosser, G. S. Sales, and J. L. Scali
Ionospheric sounding support of OTH radar1997

Reinisch, B. W. and X. Huang
The F1 ledge: density, height and slope
1996

Reinisch, B. W.
Ionosonde, in Upper Atmosphere
1996

Reinisch, B. W.
Modern Ionosondes, in Modern Ionospheric Science
1996

Reinisch, B. W. and X. Huang
Low latitude digisonde measurements and comparison with IRI
1996

Reinisch, B. W. and X. Huang
The F1 region at 170 km
1996

Sales, G. S., B. W. Reinisch, J. L. Scali, C. Dozois, T. W. Bullett, E. J. Weber, and P. Ning
Spread-F and the structure of  equatorial ionization depletions in the southern anomaly region
1996

Scali, J. L. and B. W. Reinisch
Geomagnetic storm time studies using Digisonde data
1997

Scali, J. L., B. W. Reinisch, M. C. Kelley, C. A. Miller, W. E. Swartz, Q. H. Zhou, and S. Radicella
Incoherent scatter radar and  digisonde observations at tropical latitudes, including conjugate point studies
1997

Scali, J. L., B. W. Reinisch, P. G. Richards, Q. Zhou, M. Sulzer, and W. E. Swartz
Comparison of incoherent scatter radar and digisonde measurements with FLIP modeled results at middle and low latitudes
1997
 -
Calvert, W. R., F. Benson, D. L. Carpenter, S. F. Fung, D. L. Gallagher, J. L. Green, D. M. Haines, P. H. Reiff, B. W. Reinisch, M. F. Smith, and W. W. L. Taylor
The feasibility of radio sounding in the magnetosphere
1995

Chen, C. F., B. W. Reinisch, J. L. Scali, X. Huang, R. R. Gamache, M. J. Buonsanto, and B. D. Ward
The accuracy of  ionogram-derived N(h) profiles
1994

Crowley, G., H. C. Carlson, S. Basu, W. F. Denig, J. Buchau, and B. W. Reinisch
The dynamic ionospheric polar hole
1993

McNamara, L. F. and B. W. Reinisch
Observations of the mid-latitude F1 region
1995

Reiff, P. H., J. L. Green, R. F. Benson, D. L. Carpenter, W. Calvert, S. F. Fung, D. L. Gallagher, Y. Omura, B. W. Reinisch, M. F. Smith, and W. W. L. Taylor
Remote sensing of substorm dynamics via radio sounding
1994

Reiff, P. H., J. L. Green, R. F. Benson, D. L. Carpenter, W. Calvert, S. F. Fung, D. L. Gallagher, B. W. Reinisch, M. F. Smith, and W. W. L. Taylor
Radio imaging of the magnetosphere, EOS Transactions
1994

Reinisch, B. W.
The digisonde network and databasing, World Data Center A for Solar-Terrestrial Physics
1995

Reinisch, B. W., T. W. Bullett, J. L. Scali, and D. M. Haines
High latitude digisonde measurements and their relevance to IRI
1995

Reinisch, B. W.
From whistler observations to the digisonde network
1995

Reinisch, B. W., D. Anderson, R. R. Gamache, X. Huang, C. F. Chen, and D. T. Decker
Validating ionospheric models with  measured electron density profiles
1994

Reinisch, B. W. and C. F. Chen
New inputs to IRI from the worldwide digisonde network
1994

Reinisch, B. W., X. Huang, and G. S. Sales
Regional ionospheric mapping
1993

Richards, P. G., D. G. Torr, B. W. Reinisch, R. R. Gamache, and P. J. Wilkinson
F2 Peak electron density at Millstone Hill and  Hobart: Comparison of theory and measurements at solar maximum
1994

Scali, J. L., B. W. Reinisch, C. J. Heinselman, and T. Bullett
Coordinated digisonde and incoherent scatter radar F region drift  measurements at Sondre Stromfjord
1995

Scali, J. L. and B. W. Reinisch
F-Region drift velocities in the dusk sector mid-latitude trough
1995

Thayer, J.P., G. Crowley, R.J. Niciejewski, T.L. Killeen, J. Buchau, and B.W. Reinisch
Ground-based observations of  ion/neutral coupling at Thule and Qanaq, Greenland
1995

Wan, Wei-xing, Jun Li, Zhao-ming Zhang, and B. W. Reinisch
Study of ionospheric gravity wave disturbances from drift measurements of a digisonde
1994
 -
Ahmed, M., G. S. Sales, and B. W. Reinisch
Frequency management of a long-range HF communication link US-UK observational data
1985

Basu, S., Su. Basu, C. E. Valladares, E. J. Weber, J. Buchau, G. J. Bishop, and B. W. Reinisch
Coordinated observations of  high latitude ionospheric turbulence
1988

Bossy, L., R. R. Gamache, and B. W. Reinisch
Lay-functions for F2 profiles
1988

Buchau, J., B. W. Reinisch, D. N. Anderson, E. J. Weber, and C. G. Dozois
Polar cap plasma convection measurements and their relevance to the real time modeling of the high latitude ionosphere
1988

Buchau, J. and B. W. Reinisch
Electron density structures in the polar F region
1991

Buchau, J., B. W. Reinisch, D. N. Anderson, E. J. Weber, J. G. Moore, and R. C. Livingston
Ionospheric structures in the polar cap: Their origin and relation to 250 MHz scintillation
1985

Cannon, P. S., G. Crowley, B.W. Reinisch, and J. Buchau
Digisonde measurements of polar cap convection for northward  interplanetary magnetic field
1992

Cannon, P. S., B. W. Reinisch, and J. Buchau
Interplanetary magnetic field directions deduced by digisonde measurements
1992

Cannon, P. S., J. Buchau, and B. W. Reinisch
Interplanetary magnetic field directions inferred from digisonde measurements of the convection flow direction over the polar cap
1992

Cannon, P. S., B. W. Reinisch, J. Buchau, and T. W. Bullett
Response of the polar cap F region convection direction to changes in the interplanetary magnetic field: digisonde measurements in northern Greenland
1991

Chen, C., B. D. Ward, B. W. Reinisch, M. J. Buonsanto, and R. R. Gamache
Ionosonde observations of the E-F valley and comparison with incoherent scatter radar profiles
1991

Crowley, G., P. S. Cannon, C. G. Dozois, B. W. Reinisch, and J. Buchau
Polar cap convection for Bz northward
1992

Gamache, R. R. and B. W. Reinisch
Databasing of scientific data, Proceedings of the Workshop on Geophysical Informatics
1991

Haines, D. M. and B. W. Reinisch
Angle of arrival characteristics of ionospheric skywave signals
1992

Haines, D. M., D. F. Kitrosser, B. W. Reinisch, and F. J. Gorman
A portable ionosonde in support of reliable communications
1989

Lin, K. H., K. C. Yeh, H. Soicher, B. W. Reinisch, and R. R. Gamache
Vertical ionograms and dispersive bandwidth for an oblique path
1989

McNamara, L. F., B. W. Reinisch, and J. S. Tang
Values of hmF2 deduced from automatically scaled ionograms
1987

Rawer, K., T. L. Gulyaeva, and B. W. Reinisch
ionospheric informatics
1988

Reinisch, B. W., X. Huang, and G. S. Sales

[TRY]

<- continued...

"Reinisch, B. W., X. Huang, and G. S. Sales"->
Regional ionospheric nowcasting, 1992.

 Reinisch, B. W., D. M. Haines, and W. S. Kuklinski
The new portable digisonde for vertical and oblique sounding, 1992.

 Reinisch, B. W
Ionospheric informatics working group of URSI commission G, 1991.

 Reinisch, B. W., L. F. McNamara, T. W. Bullett, and R. R. Gamache
Statistical studies of the N(h) profile of the ionosphere using automatically scaled digital ionograms, 1991.

 Reinisch, B. W., R. R. Gamache, and L. G. Bossy
Ionospheric characteristics for IRI in real time, 1990.

 Reinisch, B. W., A. Ya. Feldstein, and H. Sizun
Digital ionogram data, 1990.

 Reinisch, B. W., K. Bibl, D. F. Kitrosser, G. S. Sales, J. S. Tang, Z. M. Zhang, T. W. Bullett, and J. A. Ralls
The digisonde 256 ionospheric sounder, World Ionosphere/Thermosphere Study, 1989.

 Reinisch, B. W., D. F. Kitrosser, and Z. M. Zhang
Real time ionospheric parameters and their display, Proc. of the Int. Symp. on  Radio Propagation, 1988.

 Reinisch, B. W., R. R. Gamache, X. Huang, and L. F. McNamara
Real time electron density profiles from ionograms, 1988.

 Reinisch, B. W., J. Buchau, K. Bibl, and G. S. Sales
Multistation/multiparameter observations with a network of digital ionosondes, 1988.

 Reinisch, B. W., J. Buchau, and E. J. Weber
Digital ionosonde observations of the polar cap F region convection, 1987.

 Reinisch, B. W.
New techniques in ground-based ionospheric sounding and studies, 1986.

 Reinisch, B. W., M. Ahmed, K. Bibl, H. Soicher, F. Gorman, J. D. Jodogne, L. Bossy, J. King, and J. Gilbert, A transatlantic digital HF radio link experiment, 1984.

 Weber, E. J., J. Buchau, J. G. Moore, J. R. Sharber, R. C. Livingston, B. W. Reinisch, and J. D. Winningham
F-layer ionization patches in the polar cap, 1984.

Bibl, K. and B. W. Reinisch
The universal digital ionosonde, 1978.

 Bibl, K., W. Pfister, B. W. Reinisch, and G. S. Sales
Velocities of small and medium scale ionospheric irregularities deduced from Doppler and arrival measurements, COSPAR, 1975.

 Bibl, K., J. Buchau, R. Gowell, and B. W. Reinisch
Digital data processing in ionospheric sounding, 1968.

 Buchau, J., B. W. Reinisch, E. J. Weber, and J. G. Moore
Structure and dynamics of the winter polar cap F region, 1983.

 Huang, X. and B. W. Reinisch
Automatic calculation of electron density profiles from digital ionograms. True height inversion of topside ionograms with the profile-fitting method, 1982.

Mathwich, H. R., D. E. Aubert, A. F. Martz, K. Bibl, B. W. Reinisch, and D. Lewis
An advanced mission to map the worldwide topside ionosphere, Proceedings Effect of the Ionosphere on Radiowave Systems, 1981.

 Patenaude, J., K. Bibl, and B. W. Reinisch
Direct digital graphics, the display of large data fields, 1973.

 Philbrick, C. R., D. Golomb, S. P. Zimmerman, T. J. Keneshea, M. A. MacLeod, B. W. Reinisch, R. E. Good, and B. S. Dandekar
The ALADDIN II Experiment - Part II, Composition (Preliminary Results), 1974.

 Reinisch, B. W. and X. Huang
Automatic Calculation of electron density profiles from digital ionograms, Processing of bottomside ionograms, 1983.

 Reinisch, B. W. and X. Huang
Automatic calculation of electron density profiles from digital ionograms. Automatic O and X trace identification for topside ionograms, 1982.

 Reinisch, B. W., J. Tang, and X. Huang
Seasonal variations in the auroral ionosphere, Proc. of Symposium on the Effect of the Ionosphere on Radiowave Systems, 1981.

 Reinisch, B. W., S. Smith, J. Buchau, and W. N. Hall
Remote ionospheric monitoring, Proceedings of Symposium on the Effect of  the Ionosphere on Space and Terrestrial Systems, 1978.

 Reinisch, B. W. and K. Bibl
Digital preprocessing, onlLine processing and display of multiparameter transmission data, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Measurements in Telecommunications, 1977.

 Reinisch, B. W. and G. S. Sales
Multifrequency, long-wave, vertical sounding of the lower ionosphere,  Proceedings of the Constance Symposium on Methods and Measurements and Results of Lower Ionosphere Structure, 1974.

 Reinisch, B. W.
Digital data presentation for spheric analysis, Proceedings of the Waldorf Conference on Long-Range  Geographic Estimation of Lightning Sources, 1974.

 Philbrick, R., R. S. Narcisi, R. E. Good, B. W. Reinisch, S. Hoffman, T. J. Keneshea, M. A. MacLeod, and S. P. Zimmerman
The ALADDIN (Atmospheric Layering and Density Distribution of Ions and Neutrals) Experiment - Part II, 1973.

 Reinisch, B. W.
Burnt-out rocket punches hole into ionosphere, 1973.

 Reinisch, B. W.
Second order phase path calculations for transionospheric propagation, Proceedings of the Symposium on the  Future Application of Satellite Beacon Experiments, 1970.

 Reinisch, B. W. and K. Bibl
Differential refraction measurement for monitoring the columnar electron content, Proceedings of the  Symposium on the Future Application of Satellite Beacon Experiments 1970.

 Reinisch, B. W. and K. Bibl
Contribution of the D and E region to absorption at 2.35 MHz, in Ground Based Radio Wave  Propagation Studies of the Lower Ionosphere, compiled by...
J. S. Belrose, I. A. Bourne and L. W. Hewitt.
...by Defense Research Board, Department of National Defense, Canada, 1967.

 Reinisch, B. W.
Die Bedeutung von Eechoes an der sporadischen E-Schicht bei Impuls-Fernübertragung über 1700 km (Athens-Breisach), 1965.

 Reinisch, B. W.
Eine Möglichkeit der schnellen Analyse von Whistlers, 1965.

 Reinisch, B. W., J. Buchau, K. Jacobs, P. Kaiser, and K. Rawer
Simultaneous measurement of ionospheric plasma Density by three different methods, 1965.

http://ulcar.uml.edu/publications.htm#199284

[TRY]

Russian satellites downed by sabotage?

...1.11.2012...

...In a recent interview with Izvestia, Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos), head Vladimir Popovkin said that the reason behind some of Russia’s satellite failures may be that the equipment is artificially affected from sources on Earth. The cause of almost all the failures was identified as launch failure – many satellites had engine problems. Nevertheless, unexplained emergencies such as the Phobos-Grunt incident could be related to high-powered terrestrial equipment located in other countries. For example, Alaska has a huge radar field. There are numerous antennas that could affect the ionosphere, the upper layer of the Earth's atmosphere. If the ionosphere is disturbed, it could affect satellites orbiting above. Russia's Phobos-Grunt was over Alaska, and since Russia cannot track satellites there, the Russian authorities could only speculate that the satellite entered a zone of disturbed ionosphere and that this might have caused the failure. “In a certain state, the ionosphere can cause damage, if not to the entire machine, then to some of its elements”. “If one element malfunctions – the others could as well.”...

! "But Russia has never had ionosphere-altering technology" “We merely researched the effect of natural changes arising from disturbances on the sun" !
!!!THIS IS A LIE!!!

...“I think this may be due to our lackadaisical attitude and the market economy, which has invaded even such important sectors as defense and aerospace,” Rodionov said...

 “Our rockets and satellites have a great deal of equipment from the United States and Canada, and if those countries wanted to bring them down, it would be easier than if they had Russian-made equipment, so there is only one solution – to campaign against this lackadaisical attitude, and reinstate total control over our satellites.” It was announced that by 2013, it will create->

 Luch

<- a system of space-based multifunctional repeaters that will enable entire satellite flights to be observed in real time. Nevertheless, the root causes of these failures will still be difficult to determine...

http://en.ria.ru/papers/20120111/170708190.html
***entire article^^^

-

HAARP signals caught on weather radar out of North Carolina

...January 11, 2012 ...

...HaarpStatus.com's sensor array detected a short wavelength type event over Eastern North Carolina. The system issued a Magnitude 5.7 event for the area, and now the radar is showing it. What is interesting is the weather radar has lined up to the epicenter of the magnitude-5.7 event issued by HaarpStatus.com this morning. Using this, TheWeatherSpace.com is watching developing storms south of the area, developing out of nowhere and moving toward the epicenter of this morning's magnitude-5.7 frequency event. HaarpStatus.com is an interesting site. Although it looks like the sensor project is only for the United States, it seems to be working...

http://www.theweatherspace.com/news/TWS-11112-57-mag-haarp-status-eastern-nc.html

http://www.theweatherspace.com/tws.html
***homepage^^^

-

HaarpStatus.com

...HaarpStatus.com is a real-time sensor network from over 22 sensors placed at volunteer residences across the United States. The sensors can detect the HAARP frequency on the ionosphere...

-Wavelengths -
Short spikes indicate near events, a high short spike usually means a short term major event is about to happen in that area. Long and steady increases usually mean a large scale change is developing in the area that will effect a large area's upper level jet stream...

-Front Page -
The front page shows a graph and map chart. The page refreshes automatically every five minutes, but the readings are anywhere from 15 minutes to an hour interval, depending on how strong the sensor signals are. Once a sensor detects a signal from HAARP in the ionosphere it will take anywhere from five to ten minutes for the system to show what magnitude and location this signal was over...

-Magnitude System -
This project has developed a way to measure the magnitude of change in the ionosphere due to HAARP. The scale is from 1 to 10. Zero to One magnitudes are pretty normal while anything over five would be considered moderate and possibly significant, which can alter a weather pattern...

-Forecast System -
Once a magnitude is determined, the system will look at the current jet stream location and a forecast will be generated showing the predicted change. Using this, HaarpStatus.com will be able to give you locations that will be affected, based on the readings, with a detailed forecast...

-Is there downtime? With all networks there will be downtime. You'll notice it by the split in the readings. If only one network reads the frequency then it cannot triangulate the location and it will not show up on the graph or map...

-Why would you use this project? This project will update you on the effects HAARP has and you may correlate it with weather changes...

-How often do the sensors pick something up that changes the weather pattern? Not too often do we get higher readings but when we do it means something big is coming. You can keep the page on another window and check back often to see the readings...

Magnitude System -
This project has developed a way to measure the magnitude of change in the ionosphere due to HAARP. The scale is from 1 to 10. Zero to One magnitudes are pretty normal while anything over five would be considered moderate and possibly significant, which can alter a weather pattern.
M1 - M2 -
Slight change is expected, but overall the weather pattern is not being affected.

M3 - M5 -
Change is expected and the reading indicates between then and and a few days it will happen. This is considered a moderate reading, which if a short spike can be a nearby event such as severe weather, unexpected lightning, or a tornado.

M6 - M9 -
Significant change is expected. Anything over M7 is rare and special attention must be directed when readings go seven and higher. Severe storms are associated with this reading, which if a short spike can be a nearby event and a long duration and slow build being a large scale change.

M10 -
Associated with tornado outbreaks. This also can be strong hurricanes and blizzards.

http://www.haarpstatus.com/haarpstatus/haarpmap.html

http://www.haarpstatus.com/status.html

***interesting...

[TRY]

Plans and possibilities for fielding HF receivers at HAARP

HAARP/Resonance Workshop
...8-9 November 2011...

http://spp.astro.umd.edu/SpaceWebProj/Haarp_Resonance/Isham_20111108_HAARP.pdf
*please read^^^

[TRY]

Russia Launches Robot Cargo Ship to Space Station

...25 January 2012...

...The unmanned cargo ship Progress 46 soared spaceward atop a Soyuz rocket from the Central Asian spaceport of Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Liftoff occurred at 6:06 p.m. EST (2306 GMT), though it was early Thursday at the launch site, marking Russia's first space mission of the year. The Progress 46 spacecraft is due to arrive at the space station on Friday to deliver about 2.9 tons of cargo to the outpost's six-man crew. The space station is currently home to three Russians, two Americans and a Dutch astronaut.The launch of Progress 46 comes just two days after the departure of an older cargo ship, Progress 45, from the space station. The Progress 45 spacecraft undocked from the orbiting lab on Monday (Jan. 23) and was disposed of in Earth's atmosphere a day later.

!!!Before Progress 45 burned up on Tuesday it deployed a novel miniature satellite called ->

 Chibis-M.

<- The 88-pound (40-kg) microsatellite was released in an orbit that is slight higher than that of the International Space Station. It is expected to spend several years studying how plasma waves interact with Earth's ionosphere!!!

http://www.space.com/14362-russia-launches-robot-cargo-ship-space-station.html
***full article^^^

^^^Ref page 6 Reply # 212 and 220  , PLEASE READ!!!

.

Chibis-M (RS 39)

...Chibis-M is a 40 kg microsatellite built by the Space Research Institute (IKI). The satellite is to conduct ionospheric research. It will be launched piggy-back on the Progress-M 13M cargo craft and will be deployed after the Progress leaves the ISS.

  !!!Chibis-M carries a plasma-wave experiment, which is aimed at the solution of fundamental problem – a study of the interrelation of the plasma-wave processes connected with the manifestation in the ionosphere of solar–magnetosphere–ionosphere–atmosphere connections and the parameters of space weather. Specific fundamental problem is the search for universal laws governing transformation and dissipation of plasma-wave energy in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system!!!

The solution of this problem will be achieved employing the coordinated procedure:

    *Study in situ of the fluctuations of electrical and magnetic field, the parameters of thermal and epithermal plasma in the ionosphere near layer F during different helio- and geomagnetic conditions.
    *Study of the geomagnetic and geophysical parameters on the ground-based observatories with the time scales from 10–1 to 10–3 s.
    *Study of the interrelation of electromagnetic phenomena (spectra of ULF/VLF- waves) in different regions of near-earth space by means of via the comparative analysis of the wave measurements of those carry out simultaneously on different spacecrafts and ground geophysical stations...

http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/chibis-m.htm

^^^ref haaRp news thread page 8 Reply # 287 and 290, Please Read!!!

.

*more to come...

[TRY]

Reports by alleged Finnish Stasi spy “Larsen” also used by KGB...
...East Germans apparently suspected research radar as part of anti-missile programme


...27.1.2012...

...Two reports submitted to the East German intelligence service Stasi by a Finnish informer with the code name “Larsen”, were passed on to the Soviet KGB. German officials say that the real identity of “Larsen” is Lassi Päivärinta, who is currently a professor of mathematics at the Univrersity of Helsinki. Päivärinta has denied that he ever consciously worked for Stasi...
     
...One of the reports that ended up with the KGB concerns the EISCAT project, involving powerful radars set up in Finland, Sweden, and Norway to study the ionosphere. The radars have been used for more than 30 years to study the interaction between the sun and the earth, including the Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights. Stasi found the information to be very interesting, and classified it as confidential. The interest of the East Germans in Northern Lights research might seem strange, but in light of the prevailing atmosphere of the Cold War years, it is quite logical. A military source told Helsingin Sanomat on Thursday that the EISCAT system operates in the same frequency range as missile warning systems. The technology also makes it possible to see beyond the horizon, allowing for an early warning and more time to launch anti-missile missiles, or a retaliatory strike. The signals form EISCAT radar and anti-missile radar are reflected back toward the earth from particles in the upper atmosphere, sending a weak signal back to the radar station, where the information needs to be interpreted correctly. The process involves inversion mathematics, which helps in the interpretation of data containing incomplete information or measurement errors. Professor Päivärinta is an expert in inversion mathematics. The Stasi reports on Larsen indicate that Stasi and Larsen suspected that EISCAT was a NATO project. Larsen’s Stasi recruitment report reads: “The information that he gave us in writing about an important NATO project in his country can be seen as his possibility to support our army actively.” German researcher Helmut Müller-Engbergs, who works for the German Federal Commissioner for the Stasi records, or BStU, says that Stasi was very interested in Eiscat and in ionosphere research in general. “A number of spies, not only Larsen, gathered information on ionosphere matters for Stasi. Another study that was passed on to the KGB, which was said to have been sent by Larsen in 1982, is a 42-page report on seismology from the University of Helsinki. Larsen delivered a total of 29 scientific reports to Stasi between 1982 and 1989. There is no trace in the Stasi files of the studies themselves, but their lists remain.

http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Reports+by+alleged+Finnish+Stasi+spy+%E2%80%9CLarsen%E2%80%9D+also+used+by+KGB/1135270276422

-

Finn suspected of years of espionage for Stasi...
...Lassi Päivärinta allegedly supplied GDR with 29 reports – many with sensitive security information


...26.1.2012...

...A Finnish source given the code name “Larsen” by the East German espionage service Stasi supplied the GDR with information from 1982 all the way to 1989, when the country began to unravel. Helsingin Sanomat received a copy of documents relating to Larsen from the BStU - the German Federal Commissioner for the Stasi records. BStU says that Larsen was Lassi Päivärinta, who is now a professor of mathematics at the University of Helsinki. Officials say that the clearest evidence of Päivärinta’s activities is in the lengthy recruitment documents, which include Päivärinta’s name and birth date. “There is no doubt that he is the one”, says Helmut Müller-Engbergs. Müller-Engbergs has studied Stasi documents for 20 years. He served as an expert when Alpo Rusi was cleared of suspicions of spying for Stasi. No signed agreement between Stasi and Päivärinta on cooperation was to be found in the hundreds of pages of documents. “It is just a matter of time before it will emerge”, Müller-Engbergs says. Larsen’s papers were found among documents that had been shredded by Stasi employees as East Germany was collapsing, and which have been pieced together by BStU investigators. The Päivärinta case came out in a recent German television documentary. On Wednesday the RBB TV channel aired a documentary Ostspione im Hohen Norden (“East Spies in the Far North”). Päivärinta admitted in an interview on Wednesday that he had met Stasi officers on the evening of his recruitment. “I thought that this was the security service. “I have no recollection of that [signing an agreement]. We drank a good deal there in Gera, I don’t remember precisely”. Speaking with Helsingin Sanomat Päivärinta has denied that he was a Stasi spy. According to a recruitment report by Stasi officers, Larsen had “deep, friendly, and political sympathies toward the GDR’s socialist development”. The Stasi documents said that Larsen supplied the GDR’s intelligence service with 29 scientific reports, about half of which were unpublished research reports. Larsen met with his Stasi minder nearly 20 times and travelled abroad eight times at Stasi expense. He accepted money on many occasions mainly to cover travel expenses. The sums of money varied between 400 and 2,400 West German marks. Müller-Engbergs says that as a spy Larsen was “slightly above average”. His value was boosted by the fact that he operated in areas that were sensitive from a security point of view. “The GDR wanted to get information about EISCAT, and that was no small matter, as it had military significance.” According to reports written by Stasi officers, EISCAT was a secret NATO research project. The project continues...
     
“In the early 1980s a threat of war prevailed, so all information available about military matters was extremely valuable.” About half of the reports sent by Larsen concerned EISCAT. The reports have been destroyed, but BStU has a list of them...
     
http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Finn+suspected+of+years+of+espionage+for+Stasi/1135270267893

[TRY]

 High-power ELF radiation generated by modulated HF heating of the ionosphere can cause Earthquakes, Cyclones and localized heating

Fran De Aquino
Maranhao State University, Physics Department, S.Luis/MA, Brazil.

The High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) is currently the most important facility used to generate extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic radiation in the ionosphere. In order to produce this ELF radiation the HAARP transmitter radiates a strong beam of high-frequency (HF) waves modulated at ELF. This HF heating modulates the electrons’ temperature in the D region ionosphere and leads to modulated conductivity and a time-varying current which then radiates at the modulation frequency. Recently, the HAARP HF transmitter operated with 3.6GW of effective radiated power modulated at frequency of 2.5Hz. It is shown that high-power ELF radiation generated by HF ionospheric heaters, such as the current HAARP heater, can cause Earthquakes, Cyclones and strong localized heating.


Key words: Physics of the ionosphere, radiation processes, Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Storms.

 
1. Introduction
Generating electromagnetic radiation at extremely-low frequencies is difficult because the long wavelengths require long antennas, extending for hundreds of kilometers. Natural ionospheric currents provide such an antenna if they can be modulated at the desired frequency. The generation of ELF electromagnetic radiation by modulated heating of the ionosphere has been the subject matter of numerous papers. In 1974, it was shown that ionospheric heater can generate ELF waves by heating the ionosphere with high-frequency (HF) radiation in the megahertz range. This heating modulates the electron’s temperature in the D region ionosphere, leading to modulated conductivity and a time-varying current, which then radiates at the modulation frequency. Several HF ionospheric heaters have been built in the course of the latest decades in order to study the ELF waves produced by the heating of the ionosphere with HF radiation. Currently, the HAARP heater is the most powerful ionospheric heater, with 3.6GW of effective power using HF heating beam, modulated at ELF (2.5Hz). This paper shows that high-power ELF radiation generated by modulated HF heating of the lower ionosphere, such as that produced by the current HAARP heater, can cause Earthquakes, Cyclones and strong localized heating.

2. Gravitational Shielding
The contemporary greatest challenge of the Theoretical Physics was to prove that, Gravity is a quantum phenomenon. Since General Relativity describes gravity as related to the curvature of space-time then, the quantization of the gravity implies the quantization of the proper space-time. Until the end of the century XX, several attempts to quantize gravity were made. However, all of them resulted fruitless. In the beginning of this century, it was clearly noticed that there was something unsatisfactory about the whole notion of quantization and that the quantization process had many ambiguities. Then, a new approach has been proposed starting from the generalization of the action function*. The result has been the derivation of a theoretical background, which finally led to the so-sought quantization of the gravity and of the space-time. Published with the title “Mathematical Foundations of the Relativistic Theory of Quantum Gravity”, this theory predicts a consistent unification of Gravity with Electromagnetism. It shows that the strong equivalence principle is reaffirmed and, consequently, Einstein’s equations are preserved. In fact, Einstein’s equations can be deduced directly from the mentioned theory. This shows, therefore, that the General Relativity is a particularization of this new theory, just as Newton’s theory is a particular case of the General Relativity. Besides, it was deduced from the new theory an important correlation between the gravitational mass and the inertial mass, which shows that the gravitational mass of a particle can be decreased and even made negative, independently of its inertial mass, i.e., while the gravitational mass is progressively reduced, the inertial mass does not vary. This is highly relevant because it means that the weight of a body can also be reduced and even inverted in certain circumstances, since Newton’s gravity law defines the weight P of a body as the product of its gravitational mass by the local gravity acceleration. It was shown that there is an additional effect - Gravitational Shielding effect - produced by a substance whose gravitational mass was reduced or made negative. This effect shows that just beyond the substance the gravity acceleration will be reduced at the same proportion. The dependence of the shielding effect on the height, at which the samples are placed above a superconducting disk with radius, has been recently measured up to a height of about 3m. This means that the gravitational shielding effect extends, beyond the disk, for approximately 20 times the disk radius.

3. Gravitational Shieldings in the Van Allen belts
The Van Allen belts are torus of plasma around Earth, which are held in place by Earth's magnetic field (See Fig.1). The existence of the belts was confirmed by the Explorer 1 and Explorer 3 missions in early 1958, under Dr James Van Allen at the University of Iowa. The term Van Allen belts refers specifically to the radiation belts surrounding Earth; however, similar radiation belts have been discovered around other planets. Now consider the ionospheric heating with HF beam, modulated at ELF (See Fig. 2). The amplitude-modulated HF heating Fig.1 – Van Allen belts Inner belt Outer belt Magnetic axis Earth Van Allen belts 0 3600km 6600km wave is absorbed by the ionospheric plasma, modulating the local conductivity. The current density radiates ELF electromagnetic waves that pass through the Van Allen belts producing two Gravitational Shieldings where the densities are minima, i.e., where they are approximately equal to density of the interplanetary medium near Earth. The quasi-vacuum of the interplanetary space might be thought of as beginning at an altitude of about 1000km above the Earth’s surface.

4. Effect of the gravitational shieldings Si and So on the Earth and its environment.
Based on the Podkletnov experiment, previously mentioned, in which the effect of the Gravitational Shielding extends for approximately 20 times the disk radius, we can assume that the effect of the gravitational shielding extends for approximately 10 times the dipole length. For a dipole length of about 100km, we can conclude that the effect of the gravitational shielding reaches about 1,000Km below, affecting therefore an air mass is the gravity due to the Sun at the Earth. This decrease in the gravitational potential energy of the air column,, produces a decrease in the local pressure p( Bernoulli principle). Then the pressure equilibrium between the Earth’s mantle and the Earth’s atmosphere, in the region corresponding to the air column, is broken. This is equivalent to an increase of pressure in the region of the mantle corresponding to the air column. This phenomenon is similar to an Earthquake. Note that, by reducing the diameter of the HF beam radiation, it is possible to reduce dipole length (d) and consequently to reduce the reach of the Gravitational Shielding, since the effect of the gravitational shielding reaches approximately 8 times the dipole length.
On the other hand, if the dipole length (d) is increased, the reach of the Gravitational Shielding will also be increased.
 
In the previously mentioned HAARP conditions, the region in the soil or in the ocean will have its temperature increased by approximately 400°C. By increasing or decreasing the frequency, of the ELF radiation, it is possible to increase ELFPfTΔ(See Eq.(16)). In this way, it is possible to produce strong localized heating on Land or on the Oceans.

This process suggests that, by means of two small Gravitational Shieldings built with Gas or Plasma at ultra-low pressure, as shown in the processes of gravity control, it is possible to produce the same heating effects. Thus, for example, the water inside a container can be strongly heated when the container is placed below the mentioned Gravitational Shieldings.

5. Device for moving very heavy loads.
Based on the phenomenon of reduction of local gravity related to the Gravitational Shieldings So and Si, it is possible to create a device for moving very heavy loads such as large monoliths, for example. If we place upon the monolith a mantle with a set of Gravitational Shieldings inside, the value of becomes nRg
sunnRgggχ−=This shows that, it is possible to reduce down to values very close to zero, and thus to transport very heavy loads (See Fig.5). We will call the mentioned mantle of Gravitational Shielding Mantle.

6. Gates to the imaginary spacetime in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide.
It is known that strong densities of electric charges can occur in some regions of the upper boundary of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide, for example, as a result of the lightning discharges . These anomalies increase strongly the electric field in the mentioned regions, and possibly can produce a tunneling effect to the imaginary spacetime.
The electric field will produce an electrons flux in a direction and an ions flux in an opposite direction. From the viewpoint of electric current, the ions flux can be considered as an “electrons” flux at the same direction of the real electrons flux. Thus, the current density through the air,, will be the double of the current density expressed by the well-known equation of Langmuir-Child

7. Detection of Earthquakes at the Very Early Stage
When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates outwards in all directions. The energy travels through and around the earth as three types of seismic waves called primary, secondary, and surface waves (P-wave, S-wave and Surface-waves). All various types of earthquakes follow this pattern. At a given distance from the epicenter, first the P-waves arrive, then the S-waves, both of which have such small energies that they are mostly not threatening. Finally, the surface waves arrive with all of their damaging energies. It is predominantly the surface waves that we would notice as the earthquake. This knowledge, that, preceding any destructive earthquake, there are telltales P-waves, are used by the earthquake warning systems to reliably initiate an alarm before the arrival of the destructive waves. Unfortunately, the warning time of these earthquake warning systems is less than 60 seconds.
Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. There are three types of motion: plates moving away from each other (at divergent boundaries); moving towards each other (at convergent boundaries) or sliding past one another (at transform boundaries). When these movements are interrupted by an obstacle (rocks, for example), an Earthquake occurs when the obstacle breaks (due to the sudden release of stored energy). The pressure P acting on the obstacle and the corresponding reaction modifies the gravitational mass of the matter along the pressing surface.

References
Rietveld, M. T. , Stubbe, P. and Kopka, H., (1987), on the frequency dependence of ELF/VLF waves produced by modulated ionospheric heating

Papadopoulos, K., Sharma, A., and Chang, C. L.,(1989), On the efficient operation of the plasma antenna driven by modulation of ionospheric currents of extremely low frequency signals from modulation of the polar electrojet above Fairbanks, Alaska,

Papadopoulos, K.,(1990), On the efficiency of ionospheric ELF generation
 
Mc Carrick, M. D (1990) Excitation of ELF waves in the Schuman resonance range by modulated HF heating of the polar electrojet

Stubbe, P., and Kopka, H., (1977) Modulation of the polar electrojet by powerful HF waves

Getmantsev, G.G.,(1974), Combination frequencies in the interaction between high-power short-wave radiation and ionospheric plasma

Tripathi, V. K., Chang. C. L., and Papadopoulos, K.,(1982), Excitation of the Earth ionosphere waveguide by an ELF source in the ionosphere

Barr, R., and Stubbe, P. (1984), ELF and VLF radiation from the “polar electrojet antenna”
 
Rietveld, M. T. , Koptka, H., and Stubbe, P. (1986), D- Region characteristics deduced from pulsed ionospheric heating under auroral electrojet conditions

Barr, R., and Stubbe, P. (1991), ELF radiation from the Tromso “super heater”

Milikh, G.M., (1999), ELF emission generated by the HAAARP HF heater using varying frequency and polarization

Moore, R. C., et al., (2007) ELF waves generated by modulated HF heating of the auroral electrojet and observed at a ground distance of ~4400km

Jin, G., Spasojevic, and Inan, U. S., (2009), Relationship between electrojet current strength and ELF signal intensity in modulated heating experiments
 
Cohen, M. B., M. Golkowski, and U. S. Inan (2008), Orientation of the HAARP ELF ionospheric dipole and the auroral electrojet

Isham, C. J. (1975) Quantum Gravity, in Oxford Symposium.

Isham, C.J., (1997) “Structural Problems Facing Quantum Gravity Theory’’, Proceedings of the 14 International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation

De Aquino, F.(2010) Mathematical Foundations of the Relativistic Theory of Quantum Gravity

Modanese, G., (1996), Updating the Theoretical Analysis of the Weak Gravitational Shielding Experiment

Van Allen, J. A., (1961), The Earth and Near Space

Martin, M., and Turychev, S.G., (2004), Measuring the Interplanetary Medium with a Solar Sail

De Aquino, F. (2010) Gravity Control by means of Electromagnetic Field through Gas at Ultra-Low Pressure

Schumann W. O. (1952). "Über die strahlungslosen Eigenschwingungen einer leitenden Kugel, die von einer Luftschicht und einer Ionosphärenhülle umgeben ist"

Volland, H. (1995), Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics

Carpenter, D. L., and T. R. Miller (1976), Ducted magnetospheric propagation of signals from the Siple, Antarctica, VLF transmitter

Helliwell, R. A., D. L. Carpenter, and T. R. Miller (1980), Power threshold for growth of coherent VLF signals in the magnetosphere

Cohen, M. B., (2009), ELF/VLF Phased array generation via frequency-matched steering of a continuous HF ionospheric heating beam.

Golkowski, M. et al., (2008), Magnetospheric amplification and emission triggering by ELF/VLF waves injected by the 3.6 MW HAARP ionospheric heater

Cummer, S.A., (2000) Modeling Electromagnetic Propagation in the Earth-ionosphere Waveguide

De Aquino, F. (1998),The Gravitational Spacecraft

http://vixra.org/pdf/1202.0044v1.pdf

[TRY]

U of S adds new Arctic space radar

...August 24, 2012...

...University of Saskatchewan space physicists are close to flicking the switch on a new space weather radar in Canada's Arctic. Already responsible for four radars in a global network of 28 that shoot radio waves at the sky and wait for their echoes to return, the U of S now has a fifth radar station to run in Clyde River, Nunavut, in the middle of Baffin Island. It's the newest addition to SuperDARN - the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network - a set of radars encircling Earth's north and south poles that helps physicists study how space weather affects the planet...

?"We have this thing out in space that's interacting with the atmosphere,"  "It's causing all these strange effects that we don't quite understand."?

...Last year, two U of S summer students painstakingly built the components for the new radar for Clyde River into a "kit" to be assembled by engineers in the North. Construction on the site north of the 70th parallel is now complete, but before the structure can fire its first waves into the sky, McWilliams says it's waiting for a power line to be built to connect it to the grid. She hopes the $800,000 facility will be running by October. But the new U of S space tool isn't just for SuperDARN. The Clyde River radar was built as a companion for an advanced new radar facility in Resolute Bay, which is run by the University of Calgary. The $25-million Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar, or RISR, is "exquisitely" sensitive, McWilliams says, and can determine the density, temperature, direction and speed of atmospheric particles.

...The Clyde River radar will capture the broader movement of space weather so the RISR knows where to look for the action...

The new radar comes online just as the sun is expected to reach a peak in its 11-year cycle, which should mean turbulent activity such as sunspots and coronal mass ejections. But the peak expected in 2012 or 2013 has been weak and scientists don't know why. By collaborating with colleagues who study the sun and solar wind, atmospheric physicists hope to come up with better information about how this "strange" solar cycle is affecting Earth.

?"We should right now be seeing aurora all the time, northern lights all the time. We should be getting really good displays, lots of activity, but it's a lot weaker than usual and we don't understand why. Why don't know why the sun's gone quiet."?

***full article...

http://www.thestarphoenix.com/technology/adds+Arctic+space+radar/7137802/story.html

[TRY]

***from the MiTb site...

The Data Server is currently down for maintenance
Estimated return to service: Sep 25, 2012

http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/data.html

[TRY]

Dr. Paul Bernhardt Honored with NRL's E.O. Hulburt Award

...09/20/2012...

Dr. Paul Bernhardt, a supervisory research physicist at the Naval Research Laboratory, has been honored with the 2011 E.O. Hulburt Award, the highest award the NRL Commanding Officer can confer on an NRL civilian employee. The award was presented at a ceremony held on August 23th. By participating as principal investigator or co-investigator in over 20 rocket programs, over 25 space shuttle flights, and over 30 satellite missions, Dr. Bernhardt has demonstrated that active remote sensing provides unique data on the structure and physics of the upper atmosphere...

The Hulburt Award is given to Dr. Bernhardt:

In recognition of outstanding experimental, theoretical, and computational research at NRL in the areas of ionospheric modification with high-power radio waves and chemical releases, satellite-based radio beacon sensing of space plasmas, and analysis and numerical modeling of plasma instabilities. Dr. Bernhardt has performed pioneering work in the creative use of chemical releases and high power radio waves to modify the ionosphere, fundamental and comprehensive contributions to ionospheric and space physics in the areas of plasma instabilities, and radio beacon diagnostics and tomographic imaging of the ionosphere.

Dr. Bernhardt is regularly asked to participate in space- and ground-based aeronomy programs with both national and international sponsorship, working with countries such as Canada, Japan, England, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Peru, and Brazil. Dr. Bernhardt has received sponsorship for research on ionospheric modification experiments and radio beacon sensors from NASA for the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) mission, from Taiwan National Space Organization of the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere & Climate (COSMIC) mission, from Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency for the Sporadic-E Experiment over Kyushu (SEEK2 and SEEK3), rocket programs, from the Air Force for the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite mission, from the Air Force Research Laboratory for the Metal Oxide Space Cloud (MOSC) rocket flights, from DARPA for the Charged Aerosol Release Experiment (CARE) rocket program, and from DARPA, the Office of Naval Research, and the Air Force Research Laboratory for the high power radio wave experiments at the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) HF facility in Alaska.

Dr. Bernhardt briefs the Department of Defense Space Test Program (STP) yearly for satellite instrument and active experiment research support. He regularly receives STP rankings in the top 25% of the total list and has always received accommodation for his experiments on satellites or rockets. In addition, Dr. Bernhardt has supervised four post doctorial researchers that have received Category A ratings and full National Research Council sponsorship for their research.
Dr. Paul Bernhardt demonstrates glow discharge and ion propulsion using a compact Tesla Coil. The 2011 E.O. Hulburt Award was presented To Dr. Paul A. Bernhardt. After short comments on "Nonlinear Resonance Circuit Models of Space Plasma Physics," Dr. Bernhardt demonstrated glow discharge and ion propulsion using a compact Tesla Coil. Mr. Peter Wilhelm, Director, Naval Center for Space Technology; Dr. Bhakta Rath, Associate Director of Research for Materials Science and Component Technology; and Dr. John Montgomery, NRL Director of Research, along with others, observed the demo.
(Photo: U.S. Naval Research Laboratory)

...Dr. Bernhardt came to NRL in 1988. He now serves as the Head of the Space Use and Plasma Environment Research Section of the Charged Particle Physics Branch in NRL's Plasma Physics Division. The section conducts basic experimental and theoretical research in the areas of upper atmospheric remote sensing, ionospheric modification physics, and radiation belt physics. Dr. Bernhardt has over 130 refereed publications and is the first author on 60% of them. His published work has over 1500 citations and his average number of citations per year is 41. Dr. Bernhardt received his bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering from University of California at Santa Barbara in 1971, his master's from Stanford University in 1972, and his doctorate from Stanford University in 1976. Dr. Bernhardt is a Fellow of both the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American Physical Society. Dr. Bernhardt has been honored with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Award for Public Service (1986); Alan Berman Publication Award at NRL (1990, 2007, 2010); Navy Award of Merit for Group Achievement (1991); NRL Technology Transfer Award for achievements in the development of computerized tomography for ionospheric specification (2001); Sigma Xi Applied Science Award at NRL (2006); Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation Award (2006); and the National Science Foundation Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR) Prize Lecture (2010)...

[TRY]

http://www.nrl.navy.mil/media/news-releases/2012/dr-paul-bernhardt-honored-with-nrls-eo-hulburt-award

^^^link to above news release...

[TRY]

***ref page 8, Reply #280...

!nice find again phas!

AFTER?ELF

...February 17, 2013...

Officials look to reuse Cold War site

... Located in a remote part of Humboldt Township in Republic is a Cold War-era facility that some might never have heard of and others might know only for the controversy that surrounded it. The facility is the former Extremely Low Frequency Naval Radio Transmitter Facility, more widely known as the ELF Project. ELF became operational in 1989. It consisted of five buildings situated on seven acres, with 56 miles of above-ground antenna strung on poles much like electrical utility transmission lines. During the Cold War, ballistic missile submarines had to be able to stay submerged and moving in order to avoid detection, and naval strategists wanted to provide continuous and secure radio communications for the subs. ELF was created as the answer. The technology allowed the subs to receive messages without surfacing, where they were most vulnerable ...

... The ELF program was authorized Aug. 13, 1981, when President Ronald Reagan signed off on its creation ...

"There were two facilities, in Clam Lake, Wis. and Republic, Mich., that could either send signals individually or ... together that (at full power) would span most of the globe,"

... The transmitter facilities and antenna systems were above ground to meet the Navy's operational needs. Initial testing of ELF was done in North Carolina and Virginia, said Mark Heinlein, Humboldt Township site manager and former ELF system commander. Throughout the region, beneath the Great Lakes and north into Canada, lies bedrock known as the Canadian Shield. Heinlein said it's a low electrical conductivity granite formation ...

"The transmitter gives off this sine wave and to have an efficient antenna it has to be the same length as the frequency of the sine wave,". "The length of a sine wave in 3 to 300 Hz range is probably 2,500 to 3,000 miles long. An antenna that big is feasibly impossible."

... The stations simultaneously broadcast messages 24 hours a day, 365 days a year to the subs. The messages came from Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, or Norfolk, Va., by way of secure telephone lines or satellite signals. Using the unique combination of geology and geography, they beamed signals off the bedrock and bounced them into the ionosphere, an upper layer of the Earth's atmosphere, 34 miles high. From there, the signal bounced back down and spread out over the globe while penetrating deep below the ocean's surface, where submarines could pick it up ...

"So because of the low conductivity and high resistance it became this very, very long path through this bedrock to get back to this site," Heinlein said. "So that made the antenna appear physically longer to the transmitter components than it really was. But it still took a lot of power into that antenna to allow that to happen just to get a little bit of power radiated off electrically through the ionosphere and atmosphere."

... The ELF project was turned off Sept. 30, 2004, by the Navy and they began to permanently dismantle its two ELF Transmitter sites. The Navy spent an estimated $13 million a year to operate ELF, which was replaced at the time by an array of smaller low-frequency antennas located all over the world. So technology passed ELF by, leaving it a Cold War relic and accomplishing what the various protest groups never could. These days, a new reuse plan for the former ELF site is in the works. Humboldt Township is currently applying to be one of two new sites for the Computer Data Center Co-Location Hosting and Management Facility serving the State of Michigan. The facility buildings, utility and emergency power supplies, communication links, water supplies and location are the reasons Derocha believes it is the perfect reuse plan for the site ...

http://www.miningjournal.net/page/content.detail/id/584573/AFTER-ELF.html?nav=5006
^^^entire article...

[Scarbo]

In case you haven't seen this.

Evidence of HAARP arrays on islands and the ocean floor.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znaTirqLIds

Convincing and disturbing.

[TRY]

NRL Scientists Produce Densest Artificial Ionospheric Plasma Clouds Using HAARP

...feb 25, 2013...

***U.S. Naval Research Laboratory research physicists and engineers from the Plasma Physics Division, working at the High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) transmitter facility, Gakona, Alaska, successfully produced a sustained high density plasma cloud in Earth's upper atmosphere...

"This higher density plasma 'ball' was sustained over one hour by the HAARP transmissions and was extinguished only after termination of the HAARP radio beam."

***Artificial Ionospheric Plasma Clouds Sequence of images of the glow plasma discharge produced with transmissions at the third electron gyro harmonic using the HAARP HF transmitter, Gakona, Alaska. The third harmonic artificial glow plasma clouds were obtained with HAARP using transmissions at 4.34 megahertz (MHz). The resonant frequency yielded green line (557.7 nanometer emission) with HF on November 12, 2012, between the times of 02:26:15 to 02:26:45 GMT. These glow discharges in the upper atmosphere were generated as a part of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) sponsored Basic Research on Ionospheric Characteristics and Effects (BRIOCHE) campaign to explore ionospheric phenomena and its impact on communications and space weather. Past attempts to produce electron density enhancements have yielded densities of 4 x 105 electrons per cubic centimeter (cm3) using HF radio transmissions near the second, third, and fourth harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency. This frequency near 1.44 MHz is the rate that electrons gyrate around the Earth's magnetic field...

***The NRL group succeeded in producing artificial plasma clouds with densities exceeding 9 x 105 electrons cm3 using HAARP transmission at the sixth harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency. Optical images of the artificial plasma balls show that they are turbulent with dynamically changing density structures. Electrostatic waves generated by the HAARP radio transmissions are thought to be responsible for accelerating electrons to high enough energy to produce the glow discharge in the neutral atmosphere approaching altitudes of nearly 170 kilometers. The artificial plasma clouds are detected with HF radio soundings and backscatter, ultrahigh frequency (UHF) radar backscatter, and optical imaging systems. Ground measurements of stimulated electromagnetic emissions provide evidence of the strength and frequency for the electrostatic waves that accelerated ambient electrons to ionizing velocities...

***The NRL team is working with collaborators at SRI International, University of Alaska Fairbanks, University of Florida, and BAE Systems on this project to synthesize the observations with parametric interactions theory to develop a comprehensive theory of the plasma cloud generation. The next HAARP campaign, scheduled for early 2013, will include experiments to develop denser, more stable ionization clouds...

http://www.nrl.navy.mil/media/news-releases/2013/nrl-scientists-produce-densest-artificial-ionospheric-plasma-clouds-using-haarp

^^^^article...