Nat Acad of Sciences accidently exposes the plan for depopulating humans!

[Dig]

New Clues in the Mass Death of Bees
http://news.yahoo.com/s/time/08599191828200/print
By BRYAN WALSH
1 hr 3 mins ago

In late 2006, something strange began to happen to America's honeybees. Colonies that were once thriving suddenly went still, almost overnight. The worker bees that make hives run simply disappeared, their bodies never to be found. Over the past couple of years, nearly one-third of all honeybee colonies have collapsed this way, which led to a straightforward name for the phenomenon: colony collapse disorder (CCD).

This might seem like little more than a tantalizing mystery for entomologists, except for one fact: honeybees provide $15 billion worth of value to U.S. farmers, pollinating crops that range from apples to avocados to almonds. Any number of possible causes for CCD have been put forward, from bee viruses to parasites to environmental triggers like pesticides or even cell-phone transmissions. Despite the Department of Agriculture's allotment of $20 million a year for the next five years to study CCD, it's still a mystery - and the bees keep dying. (Read "Why We Should Care About Dying Bees.")

A new study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) shows that the causes of CCD may be more varied than scientists expect. The bees may be dying not from a single toxin or disease but rather from an assault directed by a collection of pathogens. A research team led by entomologist May Berenbaum at the University of Illinois compared the whole genome of honeybees that came from hives that had suffered from CCD with hives that were healthy. The sick bees exhibited genetic damage that could account for the die-off, and that damage indicated that they might be afflicted with multiple viruses simultaneously. This could weaken them enough to trigger CCD. "It's like a perfect storm," says Berenbaum.

The PNAS team's work was possible only because the honeybee's genome is one of the few animal genomes that scientists have decoded in full. The researchers looked at the genes that were switched on in the guts of sick and healthy bees - the gut being both the place pesticides are detoxified and the main region for immune defense. The technique they used is what's known as a whole-genome microarray, and it's ideal for this kind of sweeping analysis. "It's a really powerful tool that lets us look at all 10,000 honeybee genes at the same time," says Berenbaum. "The causative agents [for CCD] might just leap out."

In the guts of CCD-afflicted bees, the microarray analysis showed unusual fragments of ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are essentially the protein factories inside cells - they're vital to the health of the cell itself and the larger organism. Berenbaum believes that the presence of those genetic fragments inside the CCD-afflicted bees indicates that they may be under attack by a number of insect viruses - including deformed wing virus and Israeli acute paralysis virus - that damage the ribosomes. "It was the one factor that remained consistently associated with the CCD bees we tested, no matter where they came from or how severe the disorder was," says Berenbaum. "It doesn't have to be a specific virus, just an overload." Once the bees' systems get burdened this way, they are less capable of fighting off any other threat, from pesticides to other environmental causes. (See TIME's video "Bees Without Borders.")

Berenbaum is quick to point out that the microarray analysis is only correlative, meaning that while it can show evidence that certain viruses are present in CCD-afflicted bees, it doesn't reveal exactly what role the viruses play, nor how best to battle them. One approach might be to control infestations by varroa mites, which carry multiple viruses into the hives they attack. The good news is that the disorder may be on the wane, with the Apiary Inspectors of America reporting that deaths from CCD are below 30% for the first time since the crisis began. "The phenomenon seems to be in decline," says Berenbaum. "The most vulnerable populations might have already crashed." American farmers should be thankful; just think of trying to pollinate all those crops by hand.

[Dig]

National Academy of Sciences is full partner in NWO's plan for a technocratic dystopia. They are exposing the multiple virus plan used effectively on Bees:

"The PNAS team's work was possible only because the honeybee's genome is one of the few animal genomes that scientists have decoded in full. "

How coincidental that when a genome is fully decoded, a coordinated attack on that species "naturally arises".  The genome was decoded to see how to attack that species. And it is possible that they did attack it, as PNAS has explained, through multiple viruses.

So now we see swine/human/avian/etc. flus being released against the genome of the human species? Are the bees collapse just a test run to then attack humans? Look at the evidence and you tell me.

[Kilika]

Welp, they've managed to fully map the human genome, though not sure how much is decoded. Full on assault? Not like it hasn't been done before. And the masses are just too large a group to take head on, just like a swarm of bees!

[TahoeBlue]

SO many interconnections... BCM-HGSC  - HBGSP

Funding for the HBGSP was largely provided by the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health with additional funding provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

The honey bee project is one of five insect genomes the BCM-HGSC has undertaken, including the fruit fly, wasp, pea aphid, and red flour beetle.

The BCM-HGSC was one of five centers in the public Human Genome Project, and has since completed or is working on genomes of four non-human primates, nine other mammals, the sea urchin, and numerous microbes in addition to the insect genomes.

Other projects at the BCM-HGSC are studying the genetic basis of human disease and this will be the major emphasis of future work.

http://www.bcm.edu/news/item.cfm?newsID=725
Consortium decodes honey bee genome

HOUSTON -- (October 25, 2006) -- The Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Project Consortium, led by the Human Genome Sequencing Center at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, announced today the generation and analysis of the genome sequence of the honey bee, Apis mellifera.

The primary results are presented in today’s issue of Nature, and over 40 companion manuscripts describing further detailed analyses are contained in current issues of Insect Molecular Biology, Genome Research, Science, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), and other journals.

The high quality draft sequence covers over 98 percent of the genome.

The BCM-HGSC generated the sequence data for the HBGSP. After assembly of the genome at the BCM-HGSC, the genome center led an analysis team of over 170 investigators representing nearly 100 groups from 16 countries. Funding for the HBGSP was largely provided by the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health with additional funding provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

“Comparing the genomes of the honey bee and other species separated over evolutionary time from humans have provided us with powerful insights into the complex biological processes that have evolved over hundreds of millions of years,” said NHGRI Director Dr. Francis S. Collins. “The genome of the honey bee has been added to a growing list of organisms whose sequence can be compared side by side to better understand the structure and functions of our own genes. And that will help speed our understanding of how genes contribute to health and what goes wrong in illness.”

The honey bee has long been treasured by man for its honey and wax and was domesticated in the Stone Age over 8,000 years ago. Bees were carried around the world with human migrations and were introduced into America from Europe in the 17th century. They perform a crucial service in agriculture by pollinating flowers.

“This represents a major advance in our efforts to guarantee pollination of the world’s food, fiber, and oilseed crops,” said USDA program leader Dr. Kevin J. Hackett. “Three-quarters of the world’s flowering plants are dependent on pollinators, yet the world’s principal pollinator, the honey bee, is in decline. Now scientists have a powerful tool for fighting back against the causes of decline, while improving bee health and increasing honey production.”

The honey bee is an important model for social behavior with its striking development into queen and worker castes, each consisting of a different type of organism yet all having the same genome, and elaborate social organization in the hive. Honey bees communicate with the famous “dance language,” and have sophisticated cognitive abilities.

“The sequencing of the first social insect is a landmark in taking behavioral research to the genomic level,” said Dr. George Weinstock, co-director of the BCM-HGSC. “The observation that the honey bee brain has a similar genetic parts list to a solitary insect like the fruit fly supports the concept that regulation of gene activity is an important key to behavior. In fact, our analysis did show potential regulators that were caste- and stage-specific.”

The honey bee is a member of the insect order Hymenoptera which includes hundreds of thousands of other species including ants, wasps, and sawflies. Honey bees diverged from fruit flies and mosquitoes, other insects that have been sequenced, over 300 million years ago. The honey bee genome fills an evolutionary gap in the growing collection of sequenced insects, and comparison between these insect genomes was an important part of the analysis. The honey bee has many vertebrate genes not previously found in sequenced insect genomes, thus revealing that these are not recent vertebrate innovations, but they are ancient genes from the 600 million-year-old last common ancestor of bees and vertebrates. Their absence in other insects is a reflection of evolutionary specialization in the different insect lineages.

The honey bee genome is quite distinct from other sequenced insects due to the long evolutionary distance between them. The genome is 50 percent larger than fruit flies but contains roughly the same number of genes. It has more regions rich in the adenine and thymine bases, and these often contain genes. In contrast, stretches of low AT content are often gene deserts. There are few transposon or retroposon families represented in the genome, another unusual characteristic compared to other insects.

“The honey bee genome sequence will aid genetic research into host-pathogen interactions,” said Dr. Kim Worley, associate professor of the BCM-HGSC. “There are striking differences between the immune system gene complements of honey bees and other sequenced insects.”

The project also identified a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs, between the sequenced species and other honey bee species including the famous Africanized “killer” bee. Population genetic studies using these new genetic markers suggested that the genus Apis originated in Africa and migrated on multiple occasions into Eurasia. Insights into the invasion of the New World by African bees included demonstration of genetic mixing between pre-existing and Africanized bees.

“The genome sequence opens the door to a new era in honey bee genetics,” said Dr. Richard Gibbs, director of the BCM-HGSC.

The honey bee project is one of five insect genomes the BCM-HGSC has undertaken, including the fruit fly, wasp, pea aphid, and red flour beetle. The BCM-HGSC was one of five centers in the public Human Genome Project, and has since completed or is working on genomes of four non-human primates, nine other mammals, the sea urchin, and numerous microbes in addition to the insect genomes. Other projects at the BCM-HGSC are studying the genetic basis of human disease and this will be the major emphasis of future work.

[PplVsNWO]

I think you may be onto something, Sane.  I hope to God not, but I fear so...  Could this "Swine Flu" vaccine be just the start of a coordinated assault against one of the few species they now know how to destroy thanks to genetic science??  Wouldn't be surprised.

[Crimethink]

including deformed wing virus and Israeli acute paralysis virus - that damage the ribosomes.

So the JEWS are doing it! Someone needs some sleep.

[JBS]

Yea, the genocide of bees to genocide the farming in the USA, limiting food production and increasing reliance on foreign poison infested food. I never thought I would see the day that my own country's govt attacked it's own people and everyone else on the planet.

[TahoeBlue]

Yes, there is a a relationship between the Colony collapse and the decoding of the genome.

This is also what happened when the SARS researcher created a virus for bats see:
Battelle - Synthetic Biology - Virus supports a bat origin for SARS - The coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

HOUSTON -- (October 25, 2006) -- The Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Project Consortium, led by the Human Genome Sequencing Center at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, announced today the generation and analysis of the genome sequence of the honey bee, Apis mellifera.

CCD-afflicted bees:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder

Colony collapse disorder (or CCD) is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a beehive or European honey bee colony abruptly disappear. While such disappearances have occurred throughout the history of apiculture, the term colony collapse disorder was first applied to a drastic rise in the number of disappearances of Western honey bee colonies in North America in late 2006.[1]

http://aginfo.psu.edu/news/2007/1/HoneyBees.htm

"During the last three months of 2006, we began to receive reports from commercial beekeepers of an alarming number of honey bee colonies dying in the eastern United States," says Maryann Frazier, apiculture extension associate in Penn State's College of Agricultural Sciences. "Since the beginning of the year, beekeepers from all over the country have been reporting unprecedented losses.

http://www.thorne.co.uk/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/millhouse/thorne/editorial/articles?searchstring=**SINGLE**&seldisp=14
UCSF scientist tracks down suspect in honeybee deaths  - 28.4.07
A UCSF researcher who found the SARS virus in 2003 and later won a MacArthur Foundation "genius grant" for his work thinks he has discovered a culprit in the alarming deaths of honeybees across the United States.

Tests of genetic material taken from a "collapsed colony" in Merced County point to a once-rare microbe that previously affected only Asian bees but might have evolved into a strain lethal to those in Europe and the United States, biochemist Joe DeRisi said Wednesday
...
The federal government's leading honeybee scientists, however, are not ready to conclude that DeRisi has found anything significant. Jeffery Pettis, research leader for the U.S. Agriculture Department's Bee Research Laboratory in Beltsville, Md., said reports suggesting that this parasite has recently appeared in the United States are simply wrong. "There are historical samples from the mid-1990s,'' he said.

Before then, the parasite was seldom seen outside Asia, where it favored a species of honeybee found only there. It did not cause colony collapse in Asia.

DeRisi said tests conducted on material from dead bees at his Mission Bay lab found genes of the single-celled, spore-producing parasite Nosema ceranae, which researchers in Spain have recently shown is capable of wiping out a beehive.

[Monkeypox]

Yea, the genocide of bees to genocide the farming in the USA, limiting food production and increasing reliance on foreign poison infested food. I never thought I would see the day that my own country's govt attacked it's own people and everyone else on the planet.

We used to feed the world, soon we won't be able to even feed ourselves.

[Geolibertarian]

The bottom line is that literally hundreds of millions of brainwashed sheeple will keep right on clinging to the term "conspiracy theory" the way a frightened little child clings to his teddy bear until the reality which they've been trying desperately to deny out of existence all these years starts bitch-slapping them in the face (at which point it'll be way too late to do anything about it):







The only difference, of course, is that small children have an excuse for acting that childish.

[Dig]

I think you may be onto something, Sane.  I hope to God not, but I fear so...  Could this "Swine Flu" vaccine be just the start of a coordinated assault against one of the few species they now know how to destroy thanks to genetic science??  Wouldn't be surprised.

The reason why it got my gears going is because the National Academy of Sciences is the one doing this evaluation. But the way they are reporting it is as if this is a successful test run, explaining that the trial was a success. I mea once you see how a cockaroach moves around the ground, they are kind of easy to spot. The National Academy of Sciences is one such cockaroach.

If you are not concerned about the National Academy of Sciences, well maybe you should be. They are the ones that oversee the National Institute of Science ad Technology (NIST). They also are the cabal of academia that publish journals like Science and others. So if you need to do a false flag terror attack tat defies the laws of physics or defies the laws of medicine...you need the National Academy of Sciences involved.

Ben Stein dd one of the most powerful documentaries I have seen exposing this organization and I highly recommend it to anyone searching for answers as to how 9/11 could get covered up by a conspired scientific community or how a manufactured pandemic could get covered up by a conspired medical community:

Ben Stein Expelled:
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-518637672896741579

[codemonkey70]

Tahoe mentioned bats in the post. On that note, we had a nice colony here and had built "bat boxes" for them on our trees.We loved them for the insect control.  This year... NO BATS. NONE.

[independentWV]

My suggestion to counter this attack plant lots of blooming vegetation that have antiviral properties such as oregano, wormwood and garlic. We can help the bees survive.

[Anti_Illuminati]

National Academy of Sciences is full partner in NWO's plan for a technocratic dystopia. They are exposing the multiple virus plan used effectively on Bees:

"The PNAS team's work was possible only because the honeybee's genome is one of the few animal genomes that scientists have decoded in full. "

How coincidental that when a genome is fully decoded, a coordinated attack on that species "naturally arises".  The genome was decoded to see how to attack that species. And it is possible that they did attack it, as PNAS has explained, through multiple viruses.

So now we see swine/human/avian/etc. flus being released against the genome of the human species? Are the bees collapse just a test run to then attack humans? Look at the evidence and you tell me.

Mindblowing conclusion.  I am convinced that you are correct.  Now just find info about any type of EA software (i.e. like Oracle) that was used to analyze this and the nail is hammered into the coffin with a devastating, earthshaking blow.

The reason why it got my gears going is because the National Academy of Sciences is the one doing this evaluation. But the way they are reporting it is as if this is a successful test run, explaining that the trial was a success. I mea once you see how a cockaroach moves around the ground, they are kind of easy to spot. The National Academy of Sciences is one such cockaroach.

If you are not concerned about the National Academy of Sciences, well maybe you should be. They are the ones that oversee the National Institute of Science ad Technology (NIST). They also are the cabal of academia that publish journals like Science and others. So if you need to do a false flag terror attack tat defies the laws of physics or defies the laws of medicine...you need the National Academy of Sciences involved.

Ben Stein dd one of the most powerful documentaries I have seen exposing this organization and I highly recommend it to anyone searching for answers as to how 9/11 could get covered up by a conspired scientific community or how a manufactured pandemic could get covered up by a conspired medical community:

Ben Stein Expelled:
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-518637672896741579

Sane, in light of what you are aware of here, how much further is the point driven home with this:

Re: ***ALERT*** 1996 USAF 2009 FF - *National Acadamies* - Cyber FF Tie In
http://forum.prisonplanet.com/index.php?topic=91231.msg612305#msg612305

http://forum.prisonplanet.com/index.php?topic=91231.msg612333#msg612333

http://forum.prisonplanet.com/index.php?topic=91231.msg612516#msg612516

[TahoeBlue]

This is also what happened when the SARS researcher created a virus for bats see:
Battelle - Synthetic Biology - Virus supports a bat origin for SARS - The coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=1577&category=Environment

June 26, 2009  Boston, Massachusetts - Bats are dying in the Northeastern United States at a rate never seen before by scientists and the leading culprit is a fungus that was finally named this month for what it does: Geomyces destructans. It’s a brand new fungus never seen before. Bats are mammals and mammals have never been destroyed by a fungus like this before either.

But at least one million of the cave-dwelling creatures - that fly through the air eating their weight in insects every night - have died since February 2007. The mysterious deaths are called the “white-nose syndrome” (WNS) because the dead bats have white rings of fungus around their noses, on their ears and faces. Yet, many bat experts are not convinced that the new fungus is the cause of the bat deaths; the fungus might be an opportunist on bats weakened by something else – very similar to the mysterious Colony Collapse Disorder killing off honey bees.

Also: rev-engineer 1918 virus-"H1N1" ICG/NCI  - Coping with DNA reconstruction

'One of our accelerators has the number-crunching power of hundreds of general purpose CPU cores, but with power consumption no higher than a 15 watt light-bulb.'

[luckee1]

Codemonkey I haven't seen a bat all year, and not one honey bee in the wild.  The organic grocer in Chattanooga has huge hive exhibition and they did swarm/divide.  But I have seen none in the wild!

[luckee1]

My suggestion to counter this attack plant lots of blooming vegetation that have antiviral properties such as oregano, wormwood and garlic. We can help the bees survive.

None of my garlic bloomed at all.  (I have planters)  I think someone snuck in some g.m. garlic on me.

[codemonkey70]

Codemonkey I haven't seen a bat all year, and not one honey bee in the wild.  The organic grocer in Chattanooga has huge hive exhibition and they did swarm/divide.  But I have seen none in the wild!

Yep... and my butterfly bushes have had no bee or butterfly visitors all season.... something weird is going on.Plenty of wasps though. I notice the difference because I always loved watching them. Also we have had no humming birds this year. All of my feeders have been unvisited.
Kinda scary really... such a drastic change in one year.. 

[TahoeBlue]

Yep... and my butterfly bushes have had no bee or butterfly visitors all season.... something weird is going on.Plenty of wasps though. I notice the difference because I always loved watching them. Also we have had no humming birds this year. All of my feeders have been unvisited.
Kinda scary really... such a drastic change in one year..  

It has been interesting here in Lake Tahoe. I am on the west shore and I have seen Chemtrails here (last two years were the most), they spray north to south 2-5 miles west of the lake. Lake Tahoe has migratory bats.  Last year, I would see large swarms at night. This year, much reduced.

But bee's? I have a garden for Butterflies and Bees, there are lot's of healthy bees here. I think that the winters here are protecting them.

[jofortruth]

Tahoe mentioned bats in the post. On that note, we had a nice colony here and had built "bat boxes" for them on our trees.We loved them for the insect control.  This year... NO BATS. NONE.

More on the Bat problem:
http://z4.invisionfree.com/The_Great_Deception/index.php?showtopic=3972&st=0

More on the Honey Bee Problem:
http://z4.invisionfree.com/The_Great_Deception/index.php?showtopic=551

[Letsbereal]

Fifth of honeybees died in winter
24 August 2009, (BBC News)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8217401.stm

Almost a fifth of the UK's honeybees died last winter, the British Beekeepers' Association has said.

Combined with an average 30% loss the year before, it means beekeepers are struggling to keep colonies going.

Honeybees are worth £200m a year to UK agriculture because of their work pollinating crops.

Bees are suffering from viruses, a parasitic mite and changes in the weather. Experts are calling for more money to be put into research.

A survey by the British Beekeepers' Association (BBKA) suggested an average of 19.2% of colonies died over winter, which is "double" the acceptable level.

The highest losses were recorded in the north of England, where 32.1% perished, and the lowest in eastern England, where 12.8% did not survive.


"These ongoing losses in the pollination army of honeybees cannot continue if we are to secure food supplies" BBKA's president Tim Lovett


The survey showed an improvement on the previous year, which the BBKA put down to the period of really cold weather in the winter which encouraged the bees to "cluster" together, helping them to survive.

It also said the good weather in early spring enabled them to forage for nectar and pollen.


'Onslaught of threats'

But there was still a "worrying and continuing high level of colony loss", said the BBKA's president Tim Lovett.

"It underlines the need for research into the causes and remedies for disease in order to ensure that our principal economic pollinator, the honeybee, can survive the onslaught of the threats it currently faces," he said.

"These ongoing losses in the pollination army of honeybees cannot continue if we are to secure food supplies."

Nearly all the UK's 250 species of bee are in decline. In the last two years, honeybee numbers have fallen by 10-15%.

The conservation watchdog Natural England recently called on people living in urban areas to consider keeping bees.

Its chief scientist Tom Tew told the BBC: "We want urban people to engage with wildlife and get joy and pleasure from it. The more hives you have the more resilient the whole population is to the outbreak of disease."


'Really distressing'

The BBC presenter Martha Kearney is an amateur beekeeper and has seen for herself the decline in numbers.

She told Breakfast on BBC One: "They've died out on me before and it was really distressing.

"You put the bees away for the winter and you hope they're going to be OK.

"And when you open up the colony in the spring and see lots of dead bees in there, it's unpleasant.

"Beekeeping is a fascinating hobby and I love it. But they are dying. This year is slightly better than last year though."

A report by the Parliamentary Accounts Committee last month warned the government was giving "little priority" to the health of the nation's bees despite their importance to the agricultural economy.

Experts say sustaining bee populations is essential to ensuring the survival of Britain's plants and crops.


Fifth of honeybees died in winter http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8217401.stm

[Anti_Illuminati]

"Bayesian Networks" are something that is attributed to artificial intelligence inference engine software like Ptech.  They have been discussed, and utilized in "anti-terror" "predictive battlespace awareness" engineering by one of Ptech's chief scientists, Alex Levis at GMU.

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/140389.php

Predicting Risk Of Stroke From One's Genetic Blueprint - Statistical Model Using Bayesian Networks Shows Promise As A Clinical Tool
Main Category: Stroke
Also Included In: Genetics
Article Date: 26 Feb 2009 - 4:00 PDT

A new statistical model could be used to predict an individual's lifetime risk of stroke, finds a study from the Children's Hospital Informatics Program (CHIP). Using genetic information from 569 hospital patients, the researchers showed that their predictive model could estimate an individual's overall risk of cardioembolic stroke - the most common form of stroke - with 86 percent accuracy. The findings are reported in the March issue of Stroke.

"For complex diseases like stroke, it's not just a single mutation that will kill you," explains CHIP researcher Marco Ramoni, PhD, the study's senior author, who is also an Associate Professor at Harvard Medical School. "More likely it is an interaction of many factors."

Ramoni, in collaboration with Karen Furie, MD, the director of the stroke unit at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), and Rachel Ramoni, DMD, ScD, of the Harvard School of Dental Medicine, identified 569 patients that had presented to MGH's emergency department and outpatient neurology clinics between 2002 and 2005 with symptoms of suspected stroke. They collected genetic information from the 146 patients with confirmed cardioembolic stroke, and 423 controls who were followed and found not to have stroke, and looked for 1,313 genetic variants (called single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs) known to correlate with stroke. The SNPs that each patient had were then entered into the model -- known as a Bayesian network - which not only identified the genetic variants that correlated with stroke, but also determined how these factors interplayed and the strength of these interactions.

"The model looks for factors, combines them and finds out which are the best predictive factors," explains Ramoni. "It's never one factor at a time, it's always more than one factor. What this technology allows you to do is to generate a network of factors that contribute to stroke."

The researchers found that the model was able to predict an individual's risk of cardioembolic stroke with an accuracy of 86 percent. Ultimately, Ramoni envisions doctors using it as a diagnostic tool: a patient's genetic information would simply be entered into the model, which would correlate and analyze the data and output an overall probability of stroke, based on the stroke-related SNPs in the patient's genome. "It sounds like magic," says Ramoni. "But it's just a piece of technology. It gives hope that we will be able to predict early on whether someone is at risk of getting stroke, and allow you to convince them to make life changes."

"The next step is to get more SNPs," Ramoni adds. "These analyses looked at only 1,313 out of 3.3 million known SNPs. Even a million SNPs would cover the vast majority of the genome. We would get much better predictions."

Ramoni also says that by identifying all the genetic variants that modulate the risk of stroke, it could provide insight into its mechanisms and provide targets for future drugs. He is currently refining the model and believes that this technology could be used to predict inherited risk of many other conditions.

Michele Sale, PhD of the University of Virginia, and Blanca Himes, PhD, of CHIP, were coauthors on the paper. This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, and National Center for Research Resources), the Mallinckrodt GCRC at Massachusetts General Hospital and the Deane Institute of Integrative Research in Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation.

Children's Hospital Boston is home to the world's largest research enterprise based at a pediatric medical center, where its discoveries have benefited both children and adults since 1869. More than 500 scientists, including eight members of the National Academy of Sciences, 11 members of the Institute of Medicine and 13 members of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute comprise Children's research community. Founded as a 20-bed hospital for children, Children's Hospital Boston today is a 397-bed comprehensive center for pediatric and adolescent health care grounded in the values of excellence in patient care and sensitivity to the complex needs and diversity of children and families. Children's also is the primary pediatric teaching affiliate of Harvard Medical School.

[TahoeBlue]

Let's see Genome sequence Bees Humans and .... wait for it ... Bovine....

http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/project-species-m-Bovine.hgsc?pageLocation=Bovine
Bovine Genome Project
The Human Genome Sequencing Center is working to sequence and annotate the bovine genome, Bos taurus. The bovine genome assembly and analysis and the study of cattle genetic history were published in April 24, 2009 issue of Science.

Sequencing of the bovine (Hereford) genome consumed a large part of 2004-06 HGSC resources. The project was staged to produce an initial 3x WGS assembly followed by a second 6x WGS assembly to allow gene predictions for preliminary annotation, and a final assembly including BAC sequences for improved local assembly refinement. The 3x assembly was used by Ensembl to test their pipeline on low coverage genome assemblies. The 6x WGS assembly was released and gene predictions from Ensembl and NCBI have been made public. The final assembly has been completed using the Atlas assembler and BAC data from equal numbers of BACs sequenced individually or by the CAPSS clone pooling strategy.

WGS samples from six other breeds were sequenced to identify SNPs for genetic studies. A panel of 10,000 SNPs were mined at the HGSC from this interbreed dataset and genotyping reagents were developed. 227 animals representing 9 breeds were genotyped and analyzed. An expanded set of markers (32,000) was applied to a more extensive group of animals (449). The results form the basis of a Bovine HapMap Project.

Affymetrix now markets a bovine genotyping chip based on this work, allowing broader translation of the genome project into applications.

A meeting of sixty bovine researchers in Houston in March 2005 began coordination for overall genome analysis and the future of bovine research. A working group for annotation selected themes for analysis (Global analyses; Muscle, Immune function; Lactation; Energy partitioning, Metabolism, Rumen function; Reproduction, Endocrinology, Sex determination, Development; Imprinted genes, HDACs, Methyl transferases; Bovine models of human diseases; Non-coding RNA; Genetics/Genotyping; Behavior, Maternal nurturing; Prion protein). The Bovine Genome Project leveraged NHGRI funds with funds from other sources. This allowed the utility of the sequence to be enhanced by genetic analysis, outside the scope of the standard basic genome project deliverables.

The source of the BAC library DNA was Hereford bull L1 Domino 99375, registration number 41170496. Dr. Michael MacNeil's laboratory, USDA-ARS, Miles City, MT, provided the blood. The DNA for the whole genome shotgun sequences was provided by Dr. Timothy Smith's laboratory, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, from white blood cells from L1 Dominette 01449, American Hereford Association registration number 42190680 (a daughter of L1 Domino 99375). A skin cell fibroblast cell line from the same animal is available from Dr. Carol Chitko-McKown's laboratory, although there is no sequence from that cell line.

Funding for this project has been provided by: the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI U54 HG003273), which is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH); the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service and Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (USDA ARS Agreement No. 5 9-0790-3-196 and CSREES Agreement No. 2004-35216-14163); the state of Texas; Genome Canada through Genome British Columbia, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization of Australia (CSIRO); Agritech Investments Ltd., Dairy Insight, Inc. and AgResearch Ltd., all of New Zealand; the Robert J. Kleberg, Jr. and Helen C. Kleberg Foundation; and the National, Texas and South Dakota Beef Check-off Funds.

http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/ABCCA/NewsCentre/2009/bovinegenome.htm
04/23/09: Bovine genome provides clue to evolution, better beef and milk
...
“The role of the BC Cancer Agency’s Genome Sciences Centre, in collaboration with Dr. Steven Moore at the University of Alberta, was to sequence thousands of bovine transcripts,” explains Dr. Marco Marra, Director of the BC Cancer Agency’s Genome Sciences Centre. “This allowed the consortium to easily identify the locations of genes within the genome sequence, and hence to quickly hone in on, and study regions of the genome important for biological functions.”

http://www.genome.gov/11006929

International Consortium Completes Human Genome Project
All Goals Achieved; New Vision for Genome Research Unveiled
BETHESDA, Md., April 14, 2003 - The International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, led in the United States by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) and the Department of Energy (DOE), today announced the successful completion of the Human Genome Project more than two years ahead of schedule.
...
"Never would I have dreamed in 1953 that my scientific life would encompass the path from DNA's double helix to the 3 billion steps of the human genome. But when the opportunity arose to sequence the human genome, I knew it was something that could be done - and that must be done," said Nobel Laureate James D. Watson, Ph.D., president of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. "The completion of the Human Genome Project is a truly momentous occasion for every human being around the globe."
...

Scientists have been quick to mine  this new trove of genomic data, as well as to utilize the genomic tools and technologies developed by the Human Genome Project. For example, when the Human Genome Project began in 1990, scientists had discovered fewer than 100 human disease genes. Today, more than 1,400 disease genes have been identified.
...

http://www.genome.gov/11006939
IHG Sequencing Centers
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium

Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.

The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, U.K.

Washington University School of Medicine Genome Sequencing Center, St. Louis, Mo., U.S.

U. S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, Calif., U.S..

Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Houston, Tex., U.S.

RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama, Japan

Genoscope and CNRS UMR-8030, Evry, France

GTC Sequencing Center, Genome Therapeutics Corporation, Waltham, Mass., U.S.

Department of Genome Analysis, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Jena, Germany

Beijing Genomics Institute/Human Genome Center, Institute of Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Multimegabase Sequencing Center, The Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Wash., U.S.

Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford, Calif., U.S.

Stanford Human Genome Center and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif., U.S.

University of Washington Genome Center, Seattle, Wash., U.S.

Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, U.S.*

University of Oklahoma's Advanced Center for Genome Technology, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla., U.S.

http://www.genome.gov/26524516
International Consortium Announces the 1000 Genomes Project
Major Sequencing Effort Will Produce Most Detailed Map of Human Genetic Variation to Support Disease Studies

Bethesda, Md., Tues., Jan.22, 2008 — An international research consortium today announced the 1000 Genomes Project, an ambitious effort that will involve sequencing the genomes of at least a thousand people from around the world to create the most detailed and medically useful picture to date of human genetic variation. The project will receive major support from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Hinxton, England, the Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen (BGI Shenzhen) in China and the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Drawing on the expertise of multidisciplinary research teams, the 1000 Genomes Project will develop a new map of the human genome that will provide a view of biomedically relevant DNA variations at a resolution unmatched by current resources. As with other major human genome reference projects, data from the 1000 Genomes Project will be made swiftly available to the worldwide scientific community through freely accessible public databases.
...

http://www.genome.gov/27026113
Researchers Produce First Sequence Map of Large-Scale Structural Variation in Human Genome

Bethesda. Md., Wed., April 30, 2008 — A nationwide team of researchers, funded in part by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), one of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), has produced the first sequence-based map of large-scale structural variation across the human genome. The work, published today in the journal Nature, provides a starting point to examine how such DNA variation contributes to human health and disease.
...
Large-scale structural variations are differences in the genome among people that range from a few thousand to a few million DNA bases. Some are gains or losses of stretches of genome sequence. Others appear as re-arrangements of stretches of sequence. Already, some structural variations have been linked to individual differences in susceptibility to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), risk of coronary heart disease, as well as to schizophrenia and autism. Researchers hope the new map will open the door to uncovering the functions of structural variants in even more conditions.

http://www.genome.gov/27527844
NIH Funds Nine Centers to Speed Application of Powerful New Research Approach
Bethesda, Md., Tues., Sept. 2, 2008 — The funding of a network of nine centers across the country that will use high tech screening methods to identify small molecules for use as probes to investigate the diverse functions of cells was announced today by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The network — funded at approximately $70 million annually over the four-year production phase — is designed to increase the pace of development and use of chemical (small molecule) probes, which have become invaluable tools for exploring biologic processes and for developing new therapies for disease.
...

http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/S_scrofa/
Porcine Genome Sequencing Project
The genome of the pig (Sus scrofa) comprises 18 autosomes, with X and Y sex chromosomes. The genome size is similar to that of human and is estimated at 2.7Gb. There is extensive conserved homology with the human genome. The pig is a member of the artiodactyls, (cloven-hoofed mammal), which are an evolutionary clade distinct from the primates and rodents. It an important model for human health particularly for understanding complex traits such as obesity and cariovascular disease.The funding for the clone based sequencing project at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute runs to 31.12.09. In the time remaining we anticipate further refinement to the fingerprint map and sequence coverage of >90% of the genome.

Mengela would be so proud...

[TahoeBlue]

http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-1/Genome-Sequencing-Gets-More-Affordable-54171-1/
Genome Sequencing Gets More Affordable
Stanford researcher says he completed the task for $50,000

MONDAY, Aug. 10 2009 (HealthDay News) -- A U.S. researcher says he was able to sequence his entire genome for less than $50,000, with the help of only two people.

"This is the first demonstration that you don't need a genome center to sequence a human genome," Stephen Quake, a professor of engineering at Stanford University, said in a news release from the school. "It's really democratizing the fruits of the genome revolution and saying that anybody can play in this game."

The first complete mappings of human DNA were achieved in 2001. Each completed genome cost hundreds of millions of dollars and required more than 250 people. Even in 2008, the lowest reported cost of sequencing a human genome was $250,000 and still required almost 200 people.

Quake's genome was sequenced using a commercially available, refrigerator-sized instrument called the Helicos Biosciences SMS Heliscope. Quake pioneered the underlying technology of the instrument and is co-founder of the company.

The study appeared online Aug. 9 in the journal Nature Biotechnology.

"This can now be done in one lab, with one machine, at a modest cost. It's going to unleash an enormous amount of creativity and really broaden the field," Quake said.

Lowering the cost and effort involved in sequencing individual human genomes is important for a number of reasons, said Quake. The more examples of whole human genomes scientists have, the more they can learn about how specific genes and mutations result in certain traits, diseases and responses to medicines.

As the cost of determining an individual's genetic code decreases, doctors may be able to sequence individual patient's genomes and provide personalized medicine in which the patient's genetic profile would influence the prevention and treatment of disease.

Oh and Pigs...
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2447480
http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-150865673.html

Article: Swine Genome Sequencing Consortium (SGSC): a strategic roadmap for sequencing the pig genome.
Article from:Comparative and Functional Genomics Article date:January 1, 2005 Author:Schook, Lawrence B.; Beever, Jonathan E.; Rogers, Jane; Humphray, Sean; Archibald, Alan; Chardon, Patrick; Milan, Denis; Rohrer, Gary; Eversole, Kellye

The Swine Genome Sequencing Consortium (SGSC) was formed in September 2003 by academic, government and industry representatives to provide international coordination for sequencing the pig genome. The SGSC's mission is to advance biomedical research for animal production and health by the development of DNA-based tools and products resulting from the sequencing of the swine genome. During the past 2 years, the SGSC has met bi-annually to develop a strategic roadmap for creating the required scientific resources, to integrate existing physical maps, and to create a sequencing strategy that captured international participation and a broad funding base. ...

http://piggenome.org/

SGSC MISSION & GoalsThe Swine Genome Sequencing Consortium (SGSC) was formed in September 2003 by academic, government and industry representatives to provide international coordination for sequencing the pig genome. The SGSC’s mission is to advance biomedical research for animal production and health by the development of DNA- based tools and products resulting from the sequencing of the swine genome. During the past 2 years, the SGSC has met bi-annually to develop a strategic roadmap for creating the required scientific resources, to integrate existing physical maps, and to create a sequencing strategy that captured international participation and a broad funding base. During the past year, SGSC members have integrated their respective physical mapping data with the goal of creating a minimal tiling path (MTP) that will be used as the sequencing template. During the recent Plant and Animal Genome meeting (January 16, 2005 San Diego, CA), presentations demonstrated that a human–pig comparative map has been completed, BAC fingerprint contigs (FPC) for each of the autosomes and X chromosome have been constructed and that BAC end-sequencing has permitted, through BLAST analysis and RH-mapping, anchoring of the contigs. Thus, significant progress has been made towards the creation of a MTP. In addition, whole-genome (WG) shotgun libraries have been constructed and are currently being sequenced in various laboratories around the globe. Thus, a hybrid sequencing approach in which 3× coverage of BACs comprising the MTP and 3× of the WG-shotgun libraries will be used to develop a draft 6× coverage of the pig genome.

and they came to my town... Damn....

http://www.animalgenome.org/pigs/newsletter/No.96.html

7th U.C. Davis Transgenic Animal Research Conf., Aug. 17-22, 2009, Granlibakken Resort and Conference Center, Tahoe City, CA. See http://conferences.ucdavis.edu/transgenic

http://www.animalgenome.org/pigs/newsletter/txt/No.97.txt
Subject: US Pig Genome Newsletter #97
Date: Tue, 30 Jun 2009 20:46:09 -0500

Join the Swine Genome Sequencing Consortium (SGSC) and Pig Genome III  meeting to celebrate the completion of the pig genome sequence in  Hinxton, UK November 2-4.  In anticipation of the completion of the pig  genome sequencing project, this workshop will be “SGSC - the genome  assembly and annotation Pig Genome III: Exploiting the sequenceâ€�.   
There will be a call for abstracts and registration information in July.
Interested parties should contact either Larry Schook (schook@illinois.edu)
or Martien Groenen (Martien.Groenen@wur.nl).

[AtomicBlythe]

Here are the plans for their 'Virus Bank':

IS this saying what I think it's saying?

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15357901?ordinalpos=5&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
1: Viral Immunol. 2004;17(3):350-7.
Influenza pandemics: can we prepare for the unpredictable?
Kilbourne ED.

Emeritus Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, New York, New York, USA. ekilbourne@snet.net

Although no viruses are better understood or more intensively studied than the viruses of influenza, if the next influenza pandemic occurs within the next 5-10 years its control will depend on innovations in vaccine production developed more than 40 years ago, but not yet applied to the full extent demanded by our present hard-won knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease. We have become so enamored of the brilliant advances made in the interim in understanding the molecular biology of both virus and host that common sense and inexpensive implementation of proven and older methods of control have been neglected as an interim barricade. In this review, I have advocated a return to first principles, while embracing the promise and returns of contemporary research. With the assumption that the next pandemic virus will contain one of the 13 influenza A virus hemagglutinin subtypes not currently causing epidemic human disease, high-yield reassortant viruses of each of these subtypes should be produced with all dispatch and, in collaboration with industry, tested for production stability and immunogenicity in humans. From this archive, an appropriate reassortant could be selected within days or weeks, and production could ensue. If not a perfect match with the imminent pandemic virus, this "barricade vaccine" could stand as a first line of defense until supplanted by a definitive "rampart vaccine," matching better the emergent, potentially pandemic virus.

There are other such proposals at this same site.

[TahoeBlue]

Gee a Battelle connection, really? - Pacific Northwest

Now they mess with the sorghum and rice....

U. S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, Calif., U.S..

http://www.jgi.doe.gov/

The U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, supported by the DOE Office of Science, unites the expertise of five national laboratories—Lawrence Berkeley, Lawrence Livermore, Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, and Pacific Northwest—along with the HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology to advance genomics in support of the DOE missions related to clean energy generation and environmental characterization and cleanup. JGI is operated by the University of California for the U.S. Department of Energy.


http://www.jgi.doe.gov/News/news_09_01_28.html
Press Release: January 28, 2009
Scientists Publish Complete Genetic Blueprint of Key Biofuels Crop

WALNUT CREEK, CA—Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI) and several partner institutions have published the sequence and analysis of the complete genome of sorghum, a major food and fodder plant with high potential as a bioenergy crop.  The genome data will aid scientists in optimizing sorghum and other crops not only for food and fodder use, but also for biofuels production.  The comparative analysis of the sorghum genome appears in the January 29 edition of the journal Nature.

Prized for its drought resistance and high productivity, sorghum is currently the second most prevalent biofuels crop in the United States, behind corn. Grain sorghum produces the same amount of ethanol per bushel as corn while utilizing one-third less water.  As the technology for producing “cellulosic” (whole plant fiber-based) biofuels matures, sorghum’s rapid growth--rising from eight to 15 feet tall in one season--is likely to make it desirable as a cellulosic biofuels “feedstock.”
...
Plant DNA is often notoriously difficult to analyze because of large sections of repetitive sequence and sorghum was no different.  Jeremy Schmutz of the DOE JGI partner HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology (formerly the Stanford Human Genome Center) and John Bowers of the University of Georgia pointed to these complex repetitive regions as accounting for the significant size difference between the rice and sorghum genomes, while also suggesting a common overall genome structure for grasses.
...
By comparing sorghum’s assembled code with rice’s, the scientists were able to provide a “reality check” for rice’s previously published estimate of protein coding genes.

“We found that over 10,000 proposed rice genes are actually just fragments,” said DOE JGI’s Dan Rokhsar, the publication’s co-corresponding author.  “We are confident now that rice’s gene count is similar to sorghum’s at 30,000, typical of grasses.”

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-06/dgi-7pf062609.php
71 projects fill DOE Joint Genome Institute 2010 pipeline

WALNUT CREEK, CA - The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI) has selected 71 new genomic sequencing projects for its 2010 Community Sequencing Program (CSP)—a targeted sampling of the planet's biodiversity—to be characterized for bioenergy, climate, and environmental applications.
...
The DOE JGI's recent transition to new sequencing technologies has increased its sequencing throughput almost five times, from over 60 billion nucleotides allocated for CSP projects last year, to about a third of a trillion nucleotides for the CSP 2010. The projects approved for the program involve organisms that come from the Arctic up north to New Zealand down south. Selection was based on scientific merit as determined by peer review and relevance to DOE missions in bioenergy, climate science, or bioremediation.
...
The breakdown of the 71 approved projects is: 15 eukaryote (organisms whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes) genomes; six eukaryotes to be resequenced using next generation short-read sequencing technologies; two expressed gene sequencing or "transcriptomes"; 20 microbes; 20 metagenomes (microbial communities); and 8 bacteria to be resequenced. Reference genomes for these bacterial isolates already exist, but resequencing particular isolates allows researchers to better understand bacterial community structure or gene functions.

DOE JGI will employ a variety of sequencing methods, ranging from whole-genome shotgun sequencing that produce high-quality draft sequences, to next generation technologies that can generate millions of sequence reads per run, to single cell sequencing techniques that allow access to genomes when only minute quantities of DNA are available. Beyond sequencing, DOE JGI offers assembly, annotation, and genome analysis services for all approved CSP projects.
###
For the complete list of CSP 2010 sequencing projects, see: http://www.jgi.doe.gov/sequencing/cspseqplans2010.html

Established in 2005, the Community Sequencing Program (CSP) provides the scientific community at large with free access to high-throughput sequencing at DOE JGI for projects of relevance to DOE missions. Sequencing projects are chosen based on scientific merit - judged through independent peer review - and relevance to issues in bioenergy, global carbon cycling and biogeochemistry.

The U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, supported by DOE's Office of Science, is committed to advancing genomics in support of DOE missions related to clean energy generation and environmental characterization and cleanup. DOE JGI, headquartered in Walnut Creek, Calif., provides integrated high-throughput sequencing and computational analysis that enable systems-based scientific approaches to these challenges

[Mike Philbin]

good find - just blog'd about this TIME magazine article and added my own little vitamin-D-depreciating chemtrail twist, too.



http://mikephilbin.blogspot.com/2009/08/new-clues-in-mass-death-of-bees.html

[AtomicBlythe]

Agghhh, I just don't know what to think...are they really trying to help or?
http://www.helpthehoneybees.com/
That's the first hit if you Google honey bees.

[AtomicBlythe]

Full study pdf:
http://news.illinois.edu/WebsandThumbs/Robinson,Gene/PNAS_Robinson.pdf


http://news.illinois.edu/news/09/0817bees.html

Honey-bee aggression study suggests nurture alters nature
Gene Robinson
Photo by
L. Brian Stauffer

University of Illinois entomology and neuroscience professor Gene Robinson and his colleagues used microarray analysis to study the relationships between genes and social behavior.

« Click photo to enlarge
Story Video SLIDE SHOWS Photos
Email Share
8/17/09 | Diana Yates, Life Sciences Editor | 217-333-5802; diya@illinois.edu

CHAMPAIGN, lll. – A new study reveals that changes in gene expression in the brain of the honey bee in response to an immediate threat have much in common with more long-term and even evolutionary differences in honey-bee aggression. The findings lend support to the idea that nurture (an organism’s environment) may ultimately influence nature (its genetic inheritance).
European honey bees
The study looked at bee aggression in European (pictured) and Africanized honey bees. | Photo by Diana Yates.

The study, appearing this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, used microarray analysis to measure changes in gene expression in the brains of European honey bees and much more aggressive Africanized honey bees. Microarrays offer a snapshot of the thousands of genes that are activated at a given point in time. By comparing microarrays of bees in different environmental and social conditions, the researchers were able to look for patterns of gene expression that coincided with aggression.

Honey bees respond aggressively only if their hive is disturbed. But when disturbed they mount a vigorous defense – the all too familiar bee sting. The researchers observed that changes that occur in the brain of a European honey bee after it is exposed to alarm pheromone (a chemical signal that the hive is in danger) look a lot like the more gradual changes that occur over the bee’s lifetime. (Old bees are more aggressive than young bees.)

Even more striking was the finding of a very similar pattern of brain gene expression in Africanized honey bees. In terms of brain gene expression, Africanized bees “look” like they were just exposed to a whiff of alarm pheromone, even though they weren’t.

 “Microarray analysis is revealing large-scale gene expression patterns that are giving us new insights into the relationships between genes and social behavior,” said Gene Robinson, a professor of neuroscience and of entomology at the University of Illinois, who led the study. “Some of the same genes associated with aggression that vary due to heredity also vary due to environment. This shows how nature and nurture both act on the genome, which provides an alternative to the old ‘nature versus nurture’ dichotomy.”

The new findings may begin to explain how the evolutionary diversity of behavioral traits is achieved, he said.

“We suggest that the molecular processes underlying environmental effects on aggression – that is, responsiveness to alarm pheromone – could have evolved into molecular processes underlying inherited differences in aggression exhibited by Africanized honey bees and European honey bees – nurture begets nature,” the authors wrote.

The study was made possible by a National Science Foundation Frontiers in Biological Research grant, led by University of Illinois medical information science professor and department head Bruce Schatz, who is also an affiliate of the Institute for Genomic Biology.

“The study is one of the most exciting to emerge yet from ‘BeeSpace,’ an NSF-sponsored project which is the first of its kind to use genomics and new bioinformatics on a massive scale to understand how nature and nurture influence behavior,” Schatz said.

Additional funding was provided by the Fyssen Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the Illinois Sociogenomics Initiative and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

The research team also included scientists from Purdue University; the University of Guelph; CENIDFA-INIFAP, in Ajuchitlán, Mexico; the Carl Hayden Bee Research Center of the USDA Agriculture Research Service; and the University of Illinois departments of animal sciences, cell and developmental biology, chemistry, and computer science.

[TahoeBlue]

It is obvious at this point that EVERYTHING on earth with DNA will be sequenced and cataloged. All the resources of Manhatten Project and more will be used.

http://www.lubee.org/siteRoot/pdf/Lubee/ScienceArticleAboutBatGenomeProject.pdf
For the human and mouse genomes, repeated passes identified each base seven times or more. Now the
plan is to drop this 7× coverage to 2×. As a result, the new data would consist of thousands of small pieces of
DNA too disjointed to put back together in a whole genome sequence.

An important reason for taking this approach is money: Less coverage means lower cost, and that means researchers will get four genomes for the price of one. “You have the possibility of sequencing lots of organisms quickly,” says Edward Rubin, director of the Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute in Walnut Creek, California.

http://www.lubee.org/Bat-Genome-Pteropus-Vampyrus-Research.html
Bat Genome: Pteropus Vampyrus
Dr Lynne Nazareth, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Houston & Dr Marcia Lara, MIT/The Broad Institute Center for Genome Research.
Period: 2005

 In an effort to better understand the human genome and the evolutionary changes it has undergone, the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) has chosen nine mammal species as well as 4 non-mammalian species for its Large-Scale Sequencing Research Network. Among the mammals chosen are two bats: a megabat (Megaciroptera) and a microbat (Microchiroptera species). Lubee was asked to provide a Cynopteris brachyotis specimen, but the amount of organ tissue required for the analyses was more than a small 30 g bat could supply, thus we supplied a specimen of Pteropus vampyrus. Work on the bat sequencing is be carried out by NHGRI supported institutions. More information about the project can be found by downloading a short Science article pdf

http://www.lubee.org/siteRoot/pdf/Lubee/ScienceArticleAboutBatGenomeProject.pdf

and visiting the NHGRI’s website at www.genome.gov.

http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTX047611.html
Research: 1000 Genomes Project
23/01/08. By the Wellcome Trust

Any two humans are more than 99 per cent the same at the genetic level: the small fraction of genetic material that varies among people can help to explain individual differences in susceptibility to disease, response to drugs or reaction to environmental factors.

The 1000 Genomes Project therefore aims to produce an extremely detailed catalogue of human DNA variation that can be used in future studies of people with particular diseases.

Across most of the human genome, the researchers will be looking for variations that are present at a frequency of 1 per cent or more in the population; in genes, however, the goal is to find variations that are present in 0.5 per cent or less of the population. Producing a map at this resolution, which is unmatched by current resources, is likely to require sequencing of genomes of at least 1000 people.

Using recently developed catalogues of human genetic variation, such as the HapMap and Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, researchers already have discovered more than 100 regions of the genome that contain genetic variants associated with susceptibility to common human diseases such as diabetes, coronary artery disease, prostate and breast cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and age-related macular degeneration.

However, researchers often must follow those studies with costly and time-consuming DNA sequencing to help pinpoint the precise genetic variants that are associated with a disease. The new map will enable researchers to zero in quickly on such variants, speeding efforts to use genetic information to develop new strategies for diagnosing, treating and preventing common diseases.

Several different types of genetic variation will be mapped in the project: single-letter differences in DNA (single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs), and structural variants such as rearrangements, deletions or duplications of segments of the human genome. The importance of these latter variants has become increasingly clear in the past 18 months from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute's Copy Number Variation Project and similar research, which show that structural variants may play a role in susceptibility to certain conditions, such as mental retardation and autism.

The sequencing work will be carried out at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, the Beijing Genomics Institute in China, and the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Large-Scale Sequencing Network, which includes the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; the Washington University Genome Sequencing Center at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis; and the Human Genome Sequencing Center at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston.

Among the populations whose DNA will be sequenced in the 1000 Genomes Project are: Yoruba in Ibadan, Nigeria; Japanese in Tokyo; Han Chinese in Beijing; Utah residents with ancestry from northern and western Europe; Luhya in Webuye, Kenya; Maasai in Kinyawa, Kenya; Toscani in Italy; Gujarati Indians in Houston; Chinese in metropolitan Denver; people of Mexican ancestry in Los Angeles; and people of African ancestry in the south-western United States.

These people will be anonymous and will not have any medical information collected on them.

[chris jones]

I'm betting on Sanes conclusion.

These freaks have been playing with methods of killing of everthing on this green earth, including us. What kinds of arsholes get off on this.

Sociopathic is not a strog enough definition, I would add to that Arseehooles, mindbent physcotics, sadistical and in fact evil.

Who's funding them. Who gave them the go ahead?? I have an idea we all know.

[TahoeBlue]

Broad 2.0

MIT/The Broad Institute Center for Genome Research: 1000 Genomes Project

The AIG connection to NWO Eugenics.... Who is Eli Broad? And why is he giving away all that money?

It easier to give away what you really didn't "earn"

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Broad

Eli Broad (born June 6, 1933) a native of Detroit, Michigan is a American billionaire who presently resides in Los Angeles, California. His last name is pronounced as rhyming with road.

Broad is well known for his philanthropy and extensive art collection. A strong advocate of the city, he is actively involved in the on-going projects to revitalize downtown Los Angeles, and is an ardent supporter of efforts to raise the city's cultural profile.

Broad was the youngest person in the history of the state of Michigan to become a Certified Public Accountant (CPA). He made his initial fortune in real estate at his company Kaufman & Broad (now KB Home). He is also a founder of the financial giant SunAmerica. He was CEO of SunAmerica, now a subsidiary of the American International Group, until the year 2000. With an estimated current[update] net worth of around $5.2 billion, he is ranked by Forbes as the 93-richest person in the world. [1]
...
Eli Broad donated $23.2 million towards the Broad Art Center at UCLA, and another $20 Million to UCLA Stem Cell Institute.[3]

Eli and Edythe Broad are the founders of The Broad Foundation[4], which states as its mission "to dramatically improve K-12 urban public education through better governance, management, labor relations and competition." In May 2007, the Broad Foundation donated $ 10 million dollars to Gertz-Ressler High School, a public charter school in the Los Angeles area.

Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC is the product of an innovative public-private partnership between voter-created CIRM, the Keck School of Medicine of USC and the Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation, who donated $30 million in 2006. [5]

On April 25th, 2007, the Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation joined forces with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation pledging a joint $60 million to create Strong American Schools, a nonprofit project responsible for running Ed in 08, an information and initiative campaign aimed at encouraging 2008 presidential contenders to include education in their campaign policies. [6]

http://www.broadinstitute.org/news/1289
Broad established as permanent research institute
Published July 1, 2009

The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard was established today as a permanent non-profit scientific research institute, and received the first installment of the philanthropists’ pledge of their endowment gift, announced last September.
...
“Broad 2.0,” as it has been affectionately termed by the Broad personnel working on the transition, is primarily an infrastructural change designed to even more completely and transparently support the Broad’s mission and collaborative scientific model.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Institute

The Broads made a founding gift of $100 million and the Broad Institute was formally launched in May 2004. In November 2005, the Broads announced an additional $100 million gift to the Institute. [3] On 4 September 2008 the Broads gave another endowment of $400 million to make the Broad Institute a permanent establishment[4]. The donation will be managed by Harvard's investment unit.[5]

http://www.broadinstitute.org/annotation/tetraodon/background.html
The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute is a partnership among MIT, Harvard and affiliated hospitals and the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. Its mission is to create the tools for genomic medicine and make them freely available to the world and to pioneer their application to the study and treatment of disease.

http://blog.scilink.com/?p=46
Eli and Edythe L. Broad announce $400 million endowment for the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT
September 4, 2008

Less than five years into a ten-year groundbreaking experiment in philanthropy and science, the results are in. The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, which was founded in 2003 and launched in 2004 to test how effective venture philanthropy and inter-institutional collaboration could be in propelling biomedical progress, has been declared a resounding success, and will now become a permanent, standalone institution within the biomedical landscape.
...
The unequalled $400 million endowment gift brings the Broads’ total commitment to $600 million. The gift is a testament to the success of the institute’s new model of research collaboration that spans the entire MIT and Harvard communities, including the 17 Harvard-affiliated teaching hospitals. This model of collaboration aims to accelerate the pace of scientific progress and make data and tools rapidly and freely available. In its short history, the Broad Institute’s accomplishments include cataloging and identifying genetic risk factors for diseases such as type 2 diabetes and autism; discovering new therapeutic targets for cancer, malaria, and other diseases; and applying genomic tools to better understand and treat human pathogens like tuberculosis.

“Of all of our philanthropy, the Broad Institute has been the investment that has yielded the greatest returns,” said Eli Broad, founder of The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation. “This truly is a new way of doing science, and the Institute’s unique collaborative model for scientific research has resulted in remarkable accomplishments in a very short period of time. Although this is a large gift – the largest that we have ever made – it is only a fraction of what will be needed to unlock the enormous promise of biomedical research at MIT and Harvard. We are counting on others to step forward as partners in the next phase of this grand experiment. We are convinced that the genomics and biomedical work being conducted here by the world’s best and brightest scientists will ultimately lead to the cure and even the prevention of diseases.”

http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/President-Obama-Announces-More-Key-Administration-Posts-5/19/09/

http://www.broadinstitute.org/science/projects/gscid/genomic-sequencing-center-infectious-diseases
Genomic Sequencing Center for Infectious Diseases

The Broad Institute Genomic Sequencing Center for Infectious Diseases (GSCID) was established by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) to transform biodefense and infectious disease research by creating resources for DNA sequencing, genotyping and comparative genome analysis. This five-year contract builds on the work of our previous Microbial Sequencing Center (MSC) award. The GSCID offers high-throughput genomic technologies suitable for sequencing many hundreds of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, as well as parasites and insect vectors of disease.

Sequencing projects typically take advantage of comparative approaches to analyzing the sequence of key pathogenic organisms and closely related species. For example, by sequencing and comparing many strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, scientists will try to identify genes and evolutionary processes involved in pathogenicity, transmission and drug resistance.

The GSCID, led by Bruce Birren, provides the opportunity for researchers with knowledge about specific microbes to collaborate with GSCID scientists with expertise in state-of-the-art methods for sequencing, genotyping and genome analysis to address questions in infectious disease. All data, as well as new analytical tools, are shared publicly to advance research in infectious diseases.

The Broad’s GSCID is one of three such centers. The others are at the J. Craig Venter Institute and the University of Maryland School of Medicine. Members of the community can nominate projects to be carried out at these centers by submitting white papers describing the goals and benefits to the community. The format and process for review of these white papers are being finalized and will be available here shortly.

[Dig]

TahoeBlue, thanks for your work on this. I really had no idea how insanely complex and determined the eugenics crap has become. I mean these people are fricking monsters, how is it not obvious. They view humans as parasites, as numbers, as beans to be counted and discarded as necessary. uck!

[TahoeBlue]

TahoeBlue, thanks for your work on this. I really had no idea how insanely complex and determined the eugenics crap has become. I mean these people are fricking monsters, how is it not obvious. They view humans as parasites, as numbers, as beans to be counted and discarded as necessary. uck!

Notice how in large part these are NGO's NonGovermentalOrg's funded by the billionares foundations.... So they are outside Govermental restraints... Also notice the speed up in formations of these institutes. This is the new Manhatten Project in plain sight.

The Broad’s GSCID is one of three such centers. The others are at the J. Craig Venter Institute and the University of Maryland School of Medicine.

http://www.jcvi.org/cms/about/overview/

About the J. Craig Venter Institute
The J. Craig Venter Institute was formed in October 2006 through the merger of several affiliated and legacy organizations — The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) and The Center for the Advancement of Genomics (TCAG), The J. Craig Venter Science Foundation, The Joint Technology Center, and the Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives (IBEA). Today all these organizations have become one large multidisciplinary genomic-focused organization. With more than 400 scientists and staff, more than 250,000 square feet of laboratory space, and locations in Rockville, Maryland and San Diego, California, the new JCVI is a world leader in genomic research.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Institute
...
The Broad Institute's facilities at 320 Charles Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts, house one of the largest genome sequencing centers in the world. As WICGR (Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research), this facility was the largest contributor of sequence information to the Human Genome Project.

http://www.broadinstitute.org/science/projects/projects
1000 Genomes Project
Broad/NCRR Center for Genotyping Analysis
Broad Institute Probe Development Center (BIPDeC)
Cancer Genome Projects
Clinical Proteomic Technology Assessment for Cancer (CPTAC)
Connectivity Map
Diabetes Genetics Initiative
Epigenomics Initiative
Fungal Genome Initiative
GenomeSpace
Genomic Sequencing Center for Infectious Diseases
Human Microbiome Project
Immune Circuits
Initiative for Chemical Genetics
International Haplotype Map Project
Mammalian and Model Organism Genomes
The RNAi Consortium

http://www.broadinstitute.org/science/projects/hmp/human-microbiome-project

The human body is home to an enormous number and diversity of microbes. Within the body of a healthy adult, microbial cells are estimated to outnumber human cells by 10-fold. And the combined genetic contributions of these microbes — in excess of 100,000 protein-coding genes — may provide essential traits not encoded in our own genome yet required for normal development, physiology, immunity, and nutrition. The mission of the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) is to generate resources to describe these microbial communities and to analyze their roles in health and disease.

The HMP is not a single project but an interdisciplinary effort under the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. One-year grants were recently awarded to four sequencing centers — the Broad Institute, the Baylor College of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, and the J. Craig Venter Institute — to start building a framework and data resources for the five-year project

[Dig]

AMES, Iowa is always a fun place for NWO research...

Check out NASA/AMES:
https://phenomorph.arc.nasa.gov/
https://phenomorph.arc.nasa.gov/publications.php
https://phenomorph.arc.nasa.gov/research-2.php
www.dsls.usra.edu/meetings/radiation2004/pdf/13/1100Stolc.pdf
http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/abi-nasa-ames-454-life-sciences-australia-genome-research-facility-roche-genetic

[TahoeBlue]

Tree of Life Project

http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/broad-acquires-another-22-illumina-gas-almost-doubling-existing-base

Broad Institute, Beijing Genomics Institute Each Add Double-Digit Number of Illumina GAs
April 21, 2009  By Julia Karow

Illumina said last week and this week that two large-scale genome centers in the US and in China have scaled up their fleets of Genome Analyzers.

The Broad Institute has acquired 22 additional GAs, bringing its installed base up to 47 instruments.

Meanwhile, the Beijing Genomics Institute has purchased 12 additional instruments, of which eight will be installed at its new research facility in Hong Kong, and four at its Shenzhen campus, which already had 18 GAs as of last fall. In total, BGI will now have 29 units.

Eric Lander, director of the Broad Institute, said in a statement that the institute's partnership with Illumina "will help accelerate the application of genomics to medical practice."

The additional instruments will be used in "several very exciting projects that we want to pursue," Chad Nusbaum, co-director of the Broad's genome sequencing and analysis program, told In Sequence by e-mail. These projects currently remain undisclosed as the institute is still prioritizing them, he said.

At the moment, in addition to its Illumina sequencers, the Broad Institute also has a number of other second-generation sequencing platforms installed: 10 Roche/454 Genome Sequencer FLX systems, eight Applied Biosystems SOLiD instruments, one Helicos Genetic Analysis System, and one Polonator.

BGI's purchase of more GAs "is the first step in a multi-phase scale-up effort we plan to carry out in the near future," Xiuqing Zhang, director of BGI's sequencing division, said in a statement. The institute plans to use its new units to "expedite efforts around key programs," including the 1,000 Genomes Project, the Chinese Cancer Genome Project, the Tree of Life project, and other initiatives in the areas of agriculture, human health, and biofuels.

In addition to its Shenzhen, Hong Kong, and Beijing locations, the institute recently opened five more branches in China, one in the US, and one in Europe, designed "for both sequencing service and scientific collaboration," according to the statement.

As of last September, BGI Shenzhen's second-generation sequencing installation also included three Roche/454 GS FLX and two ABI SOLiD systems (see In Sequence 10/7/2008)

The two institutes' scale-up of their GAs is another indication that the Illumina platform is becoming the dominant type of second-generation sequencer at some of the largest genome centers in the world, all of them early adopters of next-generation sequencing technology.

In February, Illumina said it had reached a deal with the Genome Center at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis to acquire 21 additional GAs over the next several months, bringing its installed base up to 35 instruments (see In Sequence 2/17/2009). At the time, the center also had eight GS FLX but no ABI SOLiDs.

And last year, the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute purchased another 11 GAs, adding to its 26 already existing units (see In Sequence 11/18/2008). At that time, the institute also had two 454 GS FLX and five ABI SOLiD, though it returned its SOLiDs later last year (see In Sequence 12/16/2008).

The Human Genome Sequencing Center at Baylor College of Medicine, on the other hand, is proceeding with a different mix of instruments: As of March, the center had 10 SOLiDs, 10 GS FLX, and two GAs.

http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/abi-nasa-ames-454-life-sciences-australia-genome-research-facility-roche-genetic
NASA Ames Seeks DNA Sequencing Services; Plans to Use 454
 
The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Ames Research Center has issued a solicitation for bacterial DNA sequencing services via the Federal Business Opportunities website here.
 
NASA/ARC said that it is “soliciting information about potential sources for DNA sequencing of bacterial-sized genomes,” but added that it intends to purchase the service from 454 Life Sciences because the company “can provide the data needed to complete our requirements.”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Smith
Hamilton Othanel Smith (born August 23, 1931) is an American microbiologist and Nobel laureate.
...
More recently, he has directed a team at the J. Craig Venter Institute that works towards creating a synthetic bacterium, Mycoplasma laboratorium. In 2003 the same group synthetically assembled the genome of a virus, Phi X 174 bacteriophage. Currently, Smith is scientific director of pivately-held Synthetic Genomics, which was founded in 2005 by Craig Venter to continue this work. Currently, Synthetic Genomics is working to produce biofuels on an industrial-scale using recombinant algae and other microorganisms.[1]

http://genome.jgi-psf.org/
The Tree of Life


TREE OF LIFE: To use the tree navigation: click a branch name and select an organism from the list.

The Joint Genome Institute has released 107 Eukaryotic sites, 461 Prokaryotic microbial sites (with 311 complete).  From this site you can get details about our current and upcoming projects. We also provide a list of projects for your convenience.
Please, go directly to the individual genome sites by selecting it from the Tree of Life. All of the individual sites include direct access to download sequence files, BLAST and view annotations. Also, the Eukaryotic sites include search and other advanced tools

http://genome.jgi-psf.org/pages/whatsNew.jsf
Now Genome Portal uses cluster of 4 front-end servers and 2 back-end servers that makes it more reliable and more scalable. We have new faster computers, faster communications and new architecture that is more suitable for future growth.
Genome Portal version:2.0.58 code:2.0
© 1997-2009 The Regents of the University of California

[rawiron1]

My friend works for the NAS.  I tease him all the time about it.  I call it the NABS.  National Academy of Bull *hit.  He says that everyone working there is a flaming left winger or gay.

Jason

[AtomicBlythe]

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/11/science/11gene.html?hp

A Stanford engineer has invented a new technology for decoding DNA and used it to decode his own genome for less than $50,000.
The engineer, Stephen R. Quake, says the low cost “will democratize access to the fruits of the genome revolution” by enabling many labs and hospitals to decode whole human genomes.

Until now only companies or genome sequencing centers, equipped with large staffs and hundreds of machines, have been able to decipher the three billion units in a human genome.

Dr. Quake’s machine, the Heliscope Single Molecule Sequencer, can decode or sequence a human genome in four weeks with a staff of three people. The machine is made by a company he founded, Helicos Biosciences, and costs “about $1 million, depending on how hard you bargain,” he said.

Only seven human genomes have been fully sequenced. They are those of J. Craig Venter, a pioneer of DNA decoding; James D. Watson, the co-discoverer of the DNA double helix; two Koreans; a Chinese; a Yoruban; and a leukemia victim. Dr. Quake’s seems to be the eighth full genome, not counting the mosaic of individuals whose genomes were deciphered in the Human Genome Project.

An article describing the decoding of Dr. Quake’s genome, reported Monday in Nature Biotechnology, shows the degree of overlap between the DNA variations in his own genome and those in Dr. Venter’s and Dr. Watson’s.

For many years DNA was sequenced by a method that was developed by Frederick Sanger in 1975 and used to sequence the first human genome in 2003, at a probable cost of at least $500 million. A handful of next-generation sequencing technologies are now being developed and constantly improved each year. Dr. Quake’s technology is a new entry in that horse race.

Dr. Quake calculates that the most recently sequenced human genome cost $250,000 to decode, and that his machine brings the cost to less than a fifth of that.

“There are four commercial technologies, nothing is static and all the platforms are improving by a factor of two each year,” he said. “We are about to see the floodgates opened and many human genomes sequenced.”

He said the much-discussed goal of the $1,000 genome could be attained in two or three years. That is the cost, experts have long predicted, at which genome sequencing could start to become a routine part of medical practice.

The impediment to the medical use of genomes, however, is fast becoming not the technology but the ability to understand and interpret what the technology reveals.

The quest to uncover the genetic roots of complex diseases like cancer, diabetes or Alzheimer’s, a primary goal of the Human Genome Project, recently stalled. Most of those diseases turn out to be caused not by a few common variants, as many biologists expected, but by an unmanageable number of rare variants, offering for the most part no clear target for drugs or diagnosis.

That genetic complexity has thrown into disarray many plans for personalized medicine, because for complex diseases and traits there is no obvious way to predict the status of a whole person from his DNA sequence.

There is much better knowledge about the genetic basis of many simple diseases — those caused by a single genetic variant — but most of those diseases are rare and account for a small fraction of the overall burden of disease.

Still, people trying to analyze their own DNA sequence are likely to find one or more of the single gene disease variants because those are the only ones understood so far.

Dr. Quake said that analysts were annotating his genome and had found a variant associated with heart disease. Fortunately, Dr. Quake inherited the variant from only one parent; his other copy of the gene is good.

“You have to have a strong stomach when you look at your own genome,” he said.

Dr. Quake said he was making his genome sequence public, as Dr. Venter and Dr. Watson have done, to speed the advance of knowledge.

“Scientists have a strong ethic for sharing data,” he said. “Venter’s and Watson’s genomes were incredibly helpful in analyzing mine, and I hope mine will have the same utility for others.”

Some experts believe the way around the current impasse in understanding the roots of complex disease will lie in sequencing the whole genomes of many people, including patients suffering from specific diseases. Cheaper methods of sequencing should help toward achieving that goal.

George Church, a leading biotechnologist at the Harvard Medical School, said that for clinical genetics, DNA sequences needed to be decoded with an accuracy of only one error in every 10,000 to 100,000 DNA units. Dr. Quake said his machine had an accuracy of one error in every 20,000 units.

A real breakthrough in technology, Dr. Church said, would be the ability to sequence a human genome for $5,000 with an accuracy of one error per 100,000 units.

Dr. Quake’s DNA sequencing machine, about the size of a refrigerator, works by splitting the double helix of DNA into single strands and breaking the strands into small fragments that on average are 32 DNA units in length.

The pieces of DNA are then captured on a glass slide. On each of those tethered strands a new helix is built up unit by unit in a way that generates light. The addition of each unit is recorded by a microscope in the machine, which can follow a billion DNA fragments at a time. Because the two strands of a DNA double helix are complementary, the sequence of new units that attach to each growing strand reveals the identity of the units on the tethered strand.

A computer program then matches the billions of 32-unit fragments to the completed human genomes already on file and records the sites at which there are additions or deletions to the standard sequence, or a different DNA unit from the one most common in the population. The full set of those differences is what makes each individual unique.